{"schema_version":1,"data_version":"1.0","built_at":"2026-09-02T06:09:11Z","doi":"","license":"CC BY 4.0","trade":[{"year":1986,"buttons_sold":1913212,"sales_usd":149307.52,"price_per_1000_usd":78.0,"distributors_licensed":"","source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"price_per_1000 for 1986-2014 is the Trout table column 'Price per Thousand', which equals DPS total sales divided by buttons x 1000 (a derived annual average, not a quoted wholesale list price); no per-button consumer price is published by DPS; Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,913,212 buttons / $149307.52 / $78 per 1000; AGREE: sacredcacti.com mirror of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,913,212 buttons / $149307.52; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,913,212 buttons / $149307.52; distributors: no DPS count for this year; Texas Monthly (1988-07-01) says nine licensed Texans at time of writing; Feeney 2017 says 27 in the mid-1970s citing Morgan 1976 (https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Feeney_2017_Human-Organization_76_1_59-72_-Peyote-as-Commodity.pdf)"},{"year":1987,"buttons_sold":1766409,"sales_usd":137046.3,"price_per_1000_usd":78.0,"distributors_licensed":"","source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,766,409 buttons / $137046.30 / $78 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,766,409 buttons / $137046.30; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,766,409 buttons / $137046.30; distributors: no DPS count for this year; Texas Monthly (1988-07-01) says nine licensed Texans at time of writing; Feeney 2017 says 27 in the mid-1970s citing Morgan 1976 (https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Feeney_2017_Human-Organization_76_1_59-72_-Peyote-as-Commodity.pdf)"},{"year":1988,"buttons_sold":1575766,"sales_usd":129051.01,"price_per_1000_usd":82.0,"distributors_licensed":9,"source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,575,766 buttons / $129051.01 / $82 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,575,766 buttons / $129051.01; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,575,766 buttons / $129051.01; Texas Monthly 'Button Pushers' (published 1988-07-01) quotes dealer prices: Lopez $80 per 1000 fresh and $100 per 1000 dried; Reyna family $75 fresh / $90 dried, pickers paid $45 per 1000; Reynas sell 500,000-600,000 buttons a year (https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/button-pushers/); distributors: Texas Monthly 1988-07-01 'Lopez is one of nine Texans ... licensed by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency and the Texas Department of Public Safety' (https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/button-pushers/); no Trout figure for this year"},{"year":1989,"buttons_sold":1572102,"sales_usd":129619.62,"price_per_1000_usd":82.0,"distributors_licensed":"","source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,572,102 buttons / $129619.62 / $82 per 1000; AGREE: cactusconservation.org/CCI/pc copy of the Trout page prints the same row; DISAGREE (transcription-level): CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,572,102 buttons / $129618.72; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,572,102 buttons / $129618.72 (Trout value kept in cell); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated)"},{"year":1990,"buttons_sold":1772126,"sales_usd":156607.29,"price_per_1000_usd":88.0,"distributors_licensed":"","source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,772,126 buttons / $156607.29 / $88 per 1000; AGREE: sacredcacti.com mirror of the Trout page prints the same row; cactusconservation.org/CCI/pc copy of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,772,126 buttons / $156607.29; DISAGREE (transcription-level): CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,722,126 buttons / $156607.29 (Trout value kept in cell); Trout page prints the 1990 sales figure with a typo as $156.607.29; Trout also states resale price to consumers was 'around $0.09' per button in 1990 (consistent with 156607.29/1772126); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated)"},{"year":1991,"buttons_sold":1859189,"sales_usd":182544.02,"price_per_1000_usd":97.0,"distributors_licensed":"","source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,859,189 buttons / $182544.02 / $97 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,859,189 buttons / $182544.02; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,859,189 buttons / $182544.02; distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated)"},{"year":1992,"buttons_sold":1886434,"sales_usd":192695.25,"price_per_1000_usd":102.0,"distributors_licensed":"","source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,886,434 buttons / $192695.25 / $102 per 1000; AGREE: cactusconservation.org/CCI/pc copy of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,886,434 buttons / $192695.25; DISAGREE (transcription-level): CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,866,434 buttons / $192695.25 (Trout value kept in cell); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated)"},{"year":1993,"buttons_sold":1978646,"sales_usd":210247.6,"price_per_1000_usd":106.0,"distributors_licensed":"","source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,978,646 buttons / $210247.60 / $106 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,978,646 buttons / $210247.60; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,978,646 buttons / $210247.60; Trout row flagged 'data from DPS in 2011' (year was a gap when first obtained in 2005); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated)"},{"year":1994,"buttons_sold":2184739,"sales_usd":246632.94,"price_per_1000_usd":113.0,"distributors_licensed":"","source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 2,184,739 buttons / $246632.94 / $113 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 2,184,739 buttons / $246632.94; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 2,184,739 buttons / $246632.94; Trout row flagged 'data from DPS in 2011' (year was a gap when first obtained in 2005); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated)"},{"year":1995,"buttons_sold":2252174,"sales_usd":234750.2,"price_per_1000_usd":104.0,"distributors_licensed":"","source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 2,252,174 buttons / $234750.20 / $104 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 2,252,174 buttons / $234750.20; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 2,252,174 buttons / $234750.20; Trout row flagged 'data from DPS in 2011' (year was a gap when first obtained in 2005); Feeney 2017 cites Anderson 1995 for a market price of $170 per 1000 in 1995, DISAGREES with derived $104 (a quoted retail price vs an annual average); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated)"},{"year":1996,"buttons_sold":2258993,"sales_usd":278579.5,"price_per_1000_usd":123.0,"distributors_licensed":"","source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 2,258,993 buttons / $278579.50 / $123 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 2,258,993 buttons / $278579.50; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 2,258,993 buttons / $278579.50; distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated)"},{"year":1997,"buttons_sold":2317380,"sales_usd":274500.62,"price_per_1000_usd":118.0,"distributors_licensed":"","source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 2,317,380 buttons / $274500.62 / $118 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 2,317,380 buttons / $274500.62; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 2,317,380 buttons / $274500.62; peak year of the DPS series; Feeney 2017 'high of 2.3 million buttons in 1997' AGREES; Gossamer 'Button Down' '1997, when sales topped out at 2.3 million' AGREES; Vice/MAPS 2018 'peaked in 1998 at around 2.5 million' DISAGREES with DPS (https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-decline-of-american-peyote-v24n5/); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated)"},{"year":1998,"buttons_sold":2076167,"sales_usd":277119.71,"price_per_1000_usd":133.0,"distributors_licensed":"","source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 2,076,167 buttons / $277119.71 / $133 per 1000; AGREE: sacredcacti.com mirror of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 2,076,167 buttons / $277119.71; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 2,076,167 buttons / $277119.71; Vice/MAPS 2018 claims this was the peak year at around 2.5 million buttons; DPS table shows 2,076,167 and the peak in 1997; Vice DISAGREES; distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated)"},{"year":1999,"buttons_sold":2093335,"sales_usd":335823.02,"price_per_1000_usd":160.0,"distributors_licensed":"","source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 2,093,335 buttons / $335823.02 / $160 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 2,093,335 buttons / $335823.02; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 2,093,335 buttons / $335823.02; distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated)"},{"year":2000,"buttons_sold":2057020,"sales_usd":310722.1,"price_per_1000_usd":151.0,"distributors_licensed":"","source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 2,057,020 buttons / $310722.10 / $151 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 2,057,020 buttons / $310722.10; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 2,057,020 buttons / $310722.10; Trout: resale price to consumers '$0.15' per button in 2000 (consistent with 310722.10/2057020); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated)"},{"year":2001,"buttons_sold":1934600,"sales_usd":360676.0,"price_per_1000_usd":186.0,"distributors_licensed":"","source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,934,600 buttons / $360676.00 / $186 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,934,600 buttons / $360676.00; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,934,600 buttons / $360676.00; distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated)"},{"year":2002,"buttons_sold":1703914,"sales_usd":404859.5,"price_per_1000_usd":237.0,"distributors_licensed":"","source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,703,914 buttons / $404859.50 / $237 per 1000; AGREE: cactusconservation.org/CCI/pc copy of the Trout page prints the same row; DISAGREE (transcription-level): CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,793,914 buttons / $404859.50; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,793,914 buttons / $404859.50 (Trout value kept in cell); Trout row flagged 'data from DPS in 2011' (year was a gap when first obtained in 2005); Trout also prints an earlier 2005 DPS response for 2002: 1,820,847 buttons / $422,289.50 / $232 per 1000 (three distinct button counts exist for 2002 across sources); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated)"},{"year":2003,"buttons_sold":1781170,"sales_usd":416727.0,"price_per_1000_usd":234.0,"distributors_licensed":4,"source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,781,170 buttons / $416727.00 / $234 per 1000; AGREE: cactusconservation.org/CCI/pc copy of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,781,170 buttons / $416727.00; DISAGREE (transcription-level): CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,781,710 buttons / $416727.00 (Trout value kept in cell); Trout row flagged 'data from DPS in 2011' (year was a gap when first obtained in 2005); Trout also prints an earlier 2005 DPS response for 2003: 1,779,170 buttons / $416,727.00 / $234 per 1000; distributors: Trout 'Four licensed peyote dealers were still in operation in 2003-2005'"},{"year":2004,"buttons_sold":1669806,"sales_usd":393572.5,"price_per_1000_usd":236.0,"distributors_licensed":4,"source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,669,806 buttons / $393572.50 / $236 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,669,806 buttons / $393572.50; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,669,806 buttons / $393572.50; Trout row flagged 'data from DPS in 2011' (year was a gap when first obtained in 2005); distributors: Trout 'Four licensed peyote dealers were still in operation in 2003-2005'"},{"year":2005,"buttons_sold":1565534,"sales_usd":407789.5,"price_per_1000_usd":260.0,"distributors_licensed":4,"source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,565,534 buttons / $407789.50 / $260 per 1000; AGREE: sacredcacti.com mirror of the Trout page prints the same row; cactusconservation.org/CCI/pc copy of the Trout page prints the same row; DISAGREE (transcription-level): CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,563,534 buttons / $407789.50; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,563,534 buttons / $407789.50 (Trout value kept in cell); distributors: Trout 'Four licensed peyote dealers were still in operation in 2003-2005'"},{"year":2006,"buttons_sold":1619115,"sales_usd":463714.75,"price_per_1000_usd":286.0,"distributors_licensed":3,"source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,619,115 buttons / $463714.75 / $286 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,619,115 buttons / $463714.75; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,619,115 buttons / $463714.75; distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006'"},{"year":2007,"buttons_sold":1605345,"sales_usd":474321.8,"price_per_1000_usd":296.0,"distributors_licensed":3,"source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,605,345 buttons / $474321.80 / $296 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,605,345 buttons / $474321.80; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,605,345 buttons / $474321.80; distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006'"},{"year":2008,"buttons_sold":1475469,"sales_usd":463148.0,"price_per_1000_usd":314.0,"distributors_licensed":3,"source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,475,469 buttons / $463148.00 / $314 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,475,469 buttons / $463148.00; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,475,469 buttons / $463148.00; distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006'"},{"year":2009,"buttons_sold":1604623,"sales_usd":493834.0,"price_per_1000_usd":308.0,"distributors_licensed":3,"source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,604,623 buttons / $493834.00 / $308 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,604,623 buttons / $493834.00; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,604,623 buttons / $493834.00; Trout text repeats the sales total for this year in prose as the combined take of the three remaining distributors; distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006'"},{"year":2010,"buttons_sold":1483697,"sales_usd":459699.0,"price_per_1000_usd":310.0,"distributors_licensed":3,"source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,483,697 buttons / $459699.00 / $310 per 1000; AGREE: sacredcacti.com mirror of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,483,697 buttons / $459699.00; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,483,697 buttons / $459699.00; Trout text repeats the sales total for this year in prose as the combined take of the three remaining distributors; distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006'"},{"year":2011,"buttons_sold":1413846,"sales_usd":466590.5,"price_per_1000_usd":330.0,"distributors_licensed":3,"source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,413,846 buttons / $466590.50 / $330 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,413,846 buttons / $466590.50; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,413,846 buttons / $466590.50; Trout: resale price '$0.33 per button in 2011'; Terry et al. 2012 (Trout co-author) JBRIT 6(2):567-577: 'In 2011, the DPS-regulated peyote sales totaled slightly over 1.4 million buttons' AGREES; Trout text repeats the sales total for this year in prose as the combined take of the three remaining distributors; distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006'"},{"year":2012,"buttons_sold":1106209,"sales_usd":434609.0,"price_per_1000_usd":393.0,"distributors_licensed":3,"source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,106,209 buttons / $434609.00 / $393 per 1000; AGREE: sacredcacti.com mirror of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,106,209 buttons / $434609.00; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,106,209 buttons / $434609.00; Trout text repeats the sales total for this year in prose as the combined take of the three remaining distributors; distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006'"},{"year":2013,"buttons_sold":1363978,"sales_usd":530230.0,"price_per_1000_usd":389.0,"distributors_licensed":3,"source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,363,978 buttons / $530230.00 / $389 per 1000; AGREE: sacredcacti.com mirror of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,363,978 buttons / $530230.00; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,363,978 buttons / $530230.00; Trout text repeats the sales total for this year in prose as the combined take of the three remaining distributors; distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006'; Kalam et al. 2013 (Trout co-author) also says 'currently there are three'; Trout adds 'I have heard that a fourth has submitted his paperwork to DPS' (2014)"},{"year":2014,"buttons_sold":1128787,"sales_usd":426300.0,"price_per_1000_usd":378.0,"distributors_licensed":3,"source_url":"https://troutsnotes.com/peyote-crisis-revisited/","note":"Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,128,787 buttons / $426300.00 / $378 per 1000; AGREE: sacredcacti.com mirror of the Trout page prints the same row; cactusconservation.org/CCI/pc copy of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,128,787 buttons / $426300.00; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,128,787 buttons / $426300.00; Feeney 2017 (citing TDPS 2015) 'just over 1.1 million in 2014' AGREES on buttons but gives '$385/1,000 by 2014' which DISAGREES with derived $378 (https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Feeney_2017_Human-Organization_76_1_59-72_-Peyote-as-Commodity.pdf); distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006'"},{"year":2015,"buttons_sold":1163120,"sales_usd":434274.5,"price_per_1000_usd":373.0,"distributors_licensed":3,"source_url":"https://cactusconservation.org/peyote-buttons-sold/","note":"NO TROUT FIGURE: Trout's Notes table (posted 2014-11-02) ends at 2014; no later Trout's Notes or sacredcacti page with DPS figures was found; Trout and Terry 2016 book chapter (Praeger) not readable online, its errata PDF lists no numeric corrections; Terry and Trout 2017 JBRIT 11(1):147-156 cites DPS unpublished data but prints no annual figures; cell from CCI raw DPS spreadsheet 'Total Peyote Buttons Sold: 1986-2016, Data Source: Texas Department of Public Safety': 1,163,120 buttons / $434274.50; AGREE: CCI legacy DPS table PDF 1,163,120 buttons / $434274.50; Muneta 2020, American Indian Law Journal 9(1) fn 106: 'from 1,163,120 buttons in 2015 to 867,674 in 2016' (https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1228&context=ailj); price_per_1000 = spreadsheet Avg Cost/Button 0.37337 x 1000 rounded (derived annual average, not a list price); distributors: Feeney 2017 (fieldwork 2012-2015, citing TDPS 2015) 'a current market low of three' (https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Feeney_2017_Human-Organization_76_1_59-72_-Peyote-as-Commodity.pdf); consistent with Trout's 'three since 2006'"},{"year":2016,"buttons_sold":867674,"sales_usd":327872.0,"price_per_1000_usd":378.0,"distributors_licensed":"","source_url":"https://cactusconservation.org/peyote-buttons-sold/","note":"NO TROUT FIGURE: Trout's Notes table (posted 2014-11-02) ends at 2014; no later Trout's Notes or sacredcacti page with DPS figures was found; Trout and Terry 2016 book chapter (Praeger) not readable online, its errata PDF lists no numeric corrections; Terry and Trout 2017 JBRIT 11(1):147-156 cites DPS unpublished data but prints no annual figures; cell from CCI raw DPS spreadsheet 'Total Peyote Buttons Sold: 1986-2016, Data Source: Texas Department of Public Safety': 867,674 buttons / $327872.00; AGREE: CCI legacy DPS table PDF 867,674 buttons / $327872.00; Muneta 2020, American Indian Law Journal 9(1) fn 106: 'from 1,163,120 buttons in 2015 to 867,674 in 2016' (https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1228&context=ailj); price_per_1000 = spreadsheet Avg Cost/Button 0.37787 x 1000 rounded (derived annual average, not a list price); distributors: no 2016-specific count read; Feeney 2017 says three (TDPS 2015); Vice and Texas Standard (Nov-Dec 2018) and Ermakova et al. 2020 bioRxiv say four; 2016 = last year of DPS sales reporting, VERIFIED: DPS email 2018-10-02 on MuckRock 'the amount of peyote sold and the total revenue ... are no longer required to be reported to the state, TAC 13.36' and 2018-10-05 'TAC 13.36 effective November 6, 2016' (https://www.muckrock.com/foi/texas-109/peyote-records-61890/); rule text read from the attached scan, Source Note 'adopted to be effective November 6, 2016, 41 TexReg 8620'; Gossamer 'Button Down': 'In 2016, for unknown reasons, the DPS stopped requiring peyote distributors to report their harvest and sales numbers' (https://gossamer.co/blogs/evergreen/button-down); CCI trade page: 'annual peyote sales data from 1986 to 2016 (when TDPS stopped collecting these data)'"}],"trade_events":[{"year":1994,"label":"AIRFA amendments"},{"year":2016,"label":"DPS reporting ends"}],"regrowth":[{"series":"survivorship","treatment":"control (unharvested)","metric":"survival rate, 2 years post first harvest","value":98.0,"unit":"percent","n":"50","years_observed":"2008-2010","source_citation":"Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2011. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) I. Regrowth and survivorship two years post harvest in a South Texas population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5(2): 661-675.","source_url":"https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Terry_2011_LIMITATIONS-TO-NATURAL-PRODUCTION-OF-LOPHOPHORA-WILLIAMSII-1.pdf","note":"abstract: 'the once-harvested group had a 90% survival rate and the unharvested control group had a 98% survival rate, a difference that was not statistically significant'; 50 control plants at start, 2 later excluded as hog-dug"},{"series":"survivorship","treatment":"harvested-once","metric":"survival rate, 2 years post first harvest","value":90.0,"unit":"percent","n":"50","years_observed":"2008-2010","source_citation":"Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2011. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) I. Regrowth and survivorship two years post harvest in a South Texas population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5(2): 661-675.","source_url":"https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Terry_2011_LIMITATIONS-TO-NATURAL-PRODUCTION-OF-LOPHOPHORA-WILLIAMSII-1.pdf","note":"abstract; 50 plants harvested March 2008, 42 survivors at 2 years were split into reharvest (n=20) and no-reharvest (n=22) subgroups"},{"series":"survivorship","treatment":"control (unharvested)","metric":"survival rate, 4 years (census 1 to census 3)","value":94.0,"unit":"percent","n":"48","years_observed":"2008-2012","source_citation":"Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2012. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) II. Effects of repeated harvesting at two-year intervals in a South Texas population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 6(2): 567-577.","source_url":"https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Terry_2012_LIMITATIONS-TO-NATURAL-PRODUCTION-OF-LOPHOPHORA-WILLIAMSII-2.pdf","note":"results: '94% [45/48] versus 73% [35/48]'; denominators are 48 per group after 2 hog-dug plants per group were excluded"},{"series":"survivorship","treatment":"harvested (all plants harvested in 2008; once and every-2-years pooled)","metric":"survival rate, 4 years (census 1 to census 3)","value":73.0,"unit":"percent","n":"48","years_observed":"2008-2012","source_citation":"Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2012. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) II. Effects of repeated harvesting at two-year intervals in a South Texas population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 6(2): 567-577.","source_url":"https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Terry_2012_LIMITATIONS-TO-NATURAL-PRODUCTION-OF-LOPHOPHORA-WILLIAMSII-2.pdf","note":"abstract: 'survival rate was significantly greater in the unharvested control plants (94%) than in the harvested plants (73%)'; the 2012 paper pools once-harvested and multiple-harvest plants for this rate; CCI regrowth page repeats 94 / 73 at 4 years"},{"series":"survivorship","treatment":"control (unharvested)","metric":"survival rate over 2012-2014 interval (years 5-6 of study)","value":98.0,"unit":"percent","n":"50","years_observed":"2012-2014","source_citation":"Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2014. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) III. Effects of repeated harvesting at two-year intervals for six years in a South Texas (U.S.A.) population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 8(2): 541-550.","source_url":"https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Terry_2014_LIMITATIONS-TO-NATURAL-PRODUCTION-OF-LOPHOPHORA-WILLIAMSII-3.pdf","note":"abstract: 'the survival rate was significantly lower (77%) in the plants harvested every two years than in the once-harvested plants (100%) and the unharvested control plants (98%)'; n is the initial group allocation (50 control / 25 once / 25 every two years) stated in Methods"},{"series":"survivorship","treatment":"harvested-once","metric":"survival rate over 2012-2014 interval (years 5-6 of study)","value":100.0,"unit":"percent","n":"25","years_observed":"2012-2014","source_citation":"Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2014. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) III. Effects of repeated harvesting at two-year intervals for six years in a South Texas (U.S.A.) population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 8(2): 541-550.","source_url":"https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Terry_2014_LIMITATIONS-TO-NATURAL-PRODUCTION-OF-LOPHOPHORA-WILLIAMSII-3.pdf","note":"abstract; n = initial allocation of 25 once-harvested plants"},{"series":"survivorship","treatment":"harvested-every-2-years","metric":"survival rate over 2012-2014 interval (years 5-6 of study)","value":77.0,"unit":"percent","n":"25","years_observed":"2012-2014","source_citation":"Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2014. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) III. Effects of repeated harvesting at two-year intervals for six years in a South Texas (U.S.A.) population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 8(2): 541-550.","source_url":"https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Terry_2014_LIMITATIONS-TO-NATURAL-PRODUCTION-OF-LOPHOPHORA-WILLIAMSII-3.pdf","note":"abstract; n = initial allocation of 25 plants harvested 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014; CCI regrowth page summarises the same figures as 98 / 100 / 77 at 6 years; CCI harvesting-technique page: '6 years is not enough for the plants to re-generate', recommends 8 years"},{"series":"crown_mass","treatment":"harvested-every-2-years","metric":"change in average harvested fresh mass per plant, first harvest (2008) to second harvest (2010)","value":-44.0,"unit":"percent","n":"20","years_observed":"2008-2010","source_citation":"Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2012. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) II. Effects of repeated harvesting at two-year intervals in a South Texas population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 6(2): 567-577.","source_url":"https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Terry_2012_LIMITATIONS-TO-NATURAL-PRODUCTION-OF-LOPHOPHORA-WILLIAMSII-2.pdf","note":"abstract: 'Average harvested mass of fresh tissue per plant decreased significantly (by 44%) between the first and second harvests'; n=20 is the subgroup reharvested in 2010 per Terry et al. 2011; CCI regrowth page repeats 44%"},{"series":"crown_mass","treatment":"harvested-every-2-years","metric":"change in average harvested fresh mass per plant, second harvest (2010) to third harvest (2012)","value":-32.0,"unit":"percent","n":"","years_observed":"2010-2012","source_citation":"Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2012. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) II. Effects of repeated harvesting at two-year intervals in a South Texas population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 6(2): 567-577.","source_url":"https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Terry_2012_LIMITATIONS-TO-NATURAL-PRODUCTION-OF-LOPHOPHORA-WILLIAMSII-2.pdf","note":"abstract: 'then further decreased significantly (by 32%) between the second and third harvests'; n for the 2012 harvest not stated in the sentence read; CCI regrowth page repeats 32%"},{"series":"crown_mass","treatment":"harvested-once","metric":"change in above-ground plant volume, 2 years after single harvest, relative to pre-harvest","value":-80.0,"unit":"percent","n":"50","years_observed":"2008-2010","source_citation":"Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2011. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) I. Regrowth and survivorship two years post harvest in a South Texas population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5(2): 661-675.","source_url":"https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Terry_2011_LIMITATIONS-TO-NATURAL-PRODUCTION-OF-LOPHOPHORA-WILLIAMSII-1.pdf","note":"abstract: 'The net effect of a single harvesting was a reduction of plant above-ground volume by almost 80% after two years of regrowth'; value is 'almost 80%'"},{"series":"crown_mass","treatment":"harvested-once vs control","metric":"difference in average crown volume per plant at year 6","value":-27.0,"unit":"percent","n":"25","years_observed":"2008-2014","source_citation":"Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2014. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) III. Effects of repeated harvesting at two-year intervals for six years in a South Texas (U.S.A.) population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 8(2): 541-550.","source_url":"https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Terry_2014_LIMITATIONS-TO-NATURAL-PRODUCTION-OF-LOPHOPHORA-WILLIAMSII-3.pdf","note":"abstract: 'The average volume of once-harvested plants was 27% lower than that of the controls, although this latter difference was not statistically significant'; results give control mean 48 cm3 vs once-harvested 35 cm3 in 2014"},{"series":"alkaloid","treatment":"mature unharvested crowns","metric":"mescaline concentration, pooled crown tissue, dry-weight basis","value":3.8,"unit":"g per 100 g dry tissue","n":"10","years_observed":"","source_citation":"Kalam, M.A., M.T. Klein, D. Hulsey, K. Trout, P. Daley and M. Terry. 2013. A preliminary report of mescaline concentrations in small regrowth crowns vs. mature crowns of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae): cultural, economic, and conservation implications. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 7(1): 435-440.","source_url":"https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Kalam_et_al_2013_JBRIT_7_1_435-440.pdf","note":"results: 'Mescaline concentrations were 3.80 g/100g tissue in the Mature group and 2.01 g/100 g tissue in the Small Regrowth group, based on tissue samples >= 2 g fresh weight from 10 individuals in the Mature group and 14 individuals in the Small Regrowth group'; group values are pooled physical averages, not statistical means; sampling year not stated in the text read"},{"series":"alkaloid","treatment":"small regrowth crowns","metric":"mescaline concentration, pooled crown tissue, dry-weight basis","value":2.01,"unit":"g per 100 g dry tissue","n":"14","years_observed":"","source_citation":"Kalam, M.A., M.T. Klein, D. Hulsey, K. Trout, P. Daley and M. Terry. 2013. A preliminary report of mescaline concentrations in small regrowth crowns vs. mature crowns of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae): cultural, economic, and conservation implications. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 7(1): 435-440.","source_url":"https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Kalam_et_al_2013_JBRIT_7_1_435-440.pdf","note":"same sentence as mature row; regrowth crowns were whole small crowns of 2-4 g each from the same South Texas population"},{"series":"alkaloid","treatment":"small regrowth crowns vs mature unharvested crowns","metric":"relative difference in mescaline concentration","value":-47.0,"unit":"percent","n":"10 mature + 14 regrowth","years_observed":"","source_citation":"Kalam, M.A., M.T. Klein, D. Hulsey, K. Trout, P. Daley and M. Terry. 2013. A preliminary report of mescaline concentrations in small regrowth crowns vs. mature crowns of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae): cultural, economic, and conservation implications. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 7(1): 435-440.","source_url":"https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Kalam_et_al_2013_JBRIT_7_1_435-440.pdf","note":"results: 'The difference between these levels amounted to a 47% reduction in mescaline concentration in the Small Regrowth group compared to the Mature group'; abstract phrases it as 'about half as much'; CCI lophophora page repeats 'about half as much'"},{"series":"survivorship","treatment":"harvested (2008 harvest group, hog deaths excluded)","metric":"non-hog mortality, 2 years post harvest","value":10.4,"unit":"percent","n":"48","years_observed":"2008-2010","source_citation":"Trout, K. and B. Norton. 2011. Peyote Regrowth Following Proper Harvesting Practices. Erowid Extracts 20: 8-11.","source_url":"https://www.erowid.org/plants/peyote/peyote_article5.shtml","note":"Trout and Norton 2011: 'Harvested plants showed five non-hog-related deaths (10.4%) compared to one non-hog-related death in the control group (2.1%)'; complements the 90% survival in Terry et al. 2011"},{"series":"survivorship","treatment":"control (unharvested, hog deaths excluded)","metric":"non-hog mortality, 2 years post harvest","value":2.1,"unit":"percent","n":"48","years_observed":"2008-2010","source_citation":"Trout, K. and B. Norton. 2011. Peyote Regrowth Following Proper Harvesting Practices. Erowid Extracts 20: 8-11.","source_url":"https://www.erowid.org/plants/peyote/peyote_article5.shtml","note":"Trout and Norton 2011, same sentence; complements the 98% survival in Terry et al. 2011"}],"species":[{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","taxon_name":"Lophophora williamsii","status":"accepted","section":"Lophophora","rib_count":"5-13 (typically 8)","stem_diam_mm_min":20,"stem_diam_mm_max":80,"flower_colour":"pink to white (pale to mid pink type form; white-flowered plants occur)","flower_diam_mm_min":15,"flower_diam_mm_max":25,"elev_min_m":100,"elev_max_m":1900,"range_summary":"S Texas (Starr, Jim Hogg, Zapata, Webb, Val Verde, Kinney, Brewster, Presidio counties) south through Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi (Chihuahuan Desert)","iucn":"VU A4acd","iucn_assessment_id":"e.T151962A121515326 (Terry, M. 2017)","cites":"Appendix II","alkaloid_class":"mescaline-dominant","authority":"(Lem. ex J.F.Cels) J.M.Coult. per POWO; GBIF gives (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) J.M.Coult.","year_described":1839,"inat_taxon_id":"164777","inat_obs":3054,"inat_checked":"2026-09-01","gbif_key":"5384220","gbif_records":2002,"gbif_checked":"2026-09-01","specimen_url":"/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/","note":"year_described = Lemaire 1839 as Echinocactus williamsii per on-site taxonomy table; the same page's synonyms block dates the validly published basionym to Lem. ex Salm-Dyck 1845 and the Lophophora combination to Coulter 1894. Rib, stem, flower and elevation values from the on-site taxonomy table and Flowering section (flowers 1.5-2.5 cm across). Live IUCN check via GBIF and iNaturalist 2026-09-01 confirms VU."},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-diffusa","taxon_name":"Lophophora diffusa","status":"accepted","section":"Diffusae","rib_count":"7-13 (often indistinct)","stem_diam_mm_min":30,"stem_diam_mm_max":120,"flower_colour":"white to pale cream","flower_diam_mm_min":15,"flower_diam_mm_max":25,"elev_min_m":1400,"elev_max_m":2100,"range_summary":"Queretaro state, Mexico (Cadereyta de Montes, Ezequiel Montes, Tequisquiapan; Sierra Gorda around Jalpan de Serra); a few records into adjacent Hidalgo; total range roughly 150 km across","iucn":"VU B1ab(v)+2ab(v)","iucn_assessment_id":"e.T40967A121501921 (Gomez-Hinostrosa, Sanchez, Guadalupe Martinez and Terry 2017, amends 2013)","cites":"Appendix II","alkaloid_class":"pellotine-dominant","authority":"(Croizat) Bravo","year_described":1944,"inat_taxon_id":"204983","inat_obs":383,"inat_checked":"2026-09-01","gbif_key":"7282936","gbif_records":301,"gbif_checked":"2026-09-01","specimen_url":"/encyclopedia/lophophora-diffusa/","note":"year_described = Croizat 1944 as Lophophora echinata var. diffusa; raised to species by Bravo 1967 (on-site Sources). Stem diameter 3-12 cm in cultivation per on-site Morphology; wild plants generally smaller. GBIF key 7282936 also absorbs alberto-vojtechii and koehresii records because the GBIF backbone treats both as synonyms of L. diffusa; POWO accepts alberto-vojtechii."},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-diffusa-koehresii","taxon_name":"Lophophora koehresii","status":"segregate-of-diffusa","section":"Diffusae","rib_count":"up to 13","stem_diam_mm_min":"","stem_diam_mm_max":120,"flower_colour":"white to pale pink with a darker midstripe","flower_diam_mm_min":"","flower_diam_mm_max":"","elev_min_m":"","elev_max_m":"","range_summary":"eastern San Luis Potosi, Mexico (Las Tablas area); alluvial mudflat specialist; more than 100 km from the L. alberto-vojtechii type locality with no confirmed range overlap","iucn":"NE","iucn_assessment_id":"","cites":"Appendix II","alkaloid_class":"pellotine-dominant","authority":"(Riha) Bohata, Mysak and Snicer","year_described":1996,"inat_taxon_id":"637224","inat_obs":72,"inat_checked":"2026-09-01","gbif_key":"5624117","gbif_records":53,"gbif_checked":"2026-09-01","specimen_url":"/encyclopedia/lophophora-diffusa/","note":"POWO (checked 2026-09-01) lists Lophophora koehresii as a synonym of L. diffusa; recognised at species rank by Bohata, Mysak and Snicer. year_described = Riha 1996 as L. diffusa var. koehresii (data/synonyms/lophophora-diffusa.json); year of elevation to species not verified this session. No separate specimen page: specimen_url points at the diffusa page. stem_diam_mm_min, flower size and elevation are not stated on site and are left empty. GBIF key 5624117 is a synonym key whose records resolve to L. diffusa 7282936."},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-fricii","taxon_name":"Lophophora fricii","status":"accepted","section":"Diffusae","rib_count":"5-21 (poorly defined)","stem_diam_mm_min":"","stem_diam_mm_max":120,"flower_colour":"pale to dark pink (saturated pink approaching carmine in the type form; f. albiflora white)","flower_diam_mm_min":25,"flower_diam_mm_max":40,"elev_min_m":"","elev_max_m":"","range_summary":"Viesca lagoon area, southeastern Coahuila, Mexico: two population types (limestone slope form and silt-flat clumping form) about 20 km apart; secondary cluster near Parras de la Fuente; type locality near San Pedro","iucn":"DD","iucn_assessment_id":"IUCN taxon ID 152314 (Data Deficient per live GBIF and iNaturalist check 2026-09-01; assessment ID not verified)","cites":"Appendix II","alkaloid_class":"pellotine-dominant","authority":"Haberm.","year_described":1975,"inat_taxon_id":"439808","inat_obs":67,"inat_checked":"2026-09-01","gbif_key":"5624121","gbif_records":23,"gbif_checked":"2026-09-01","specimen_url":"/encyclopedia/lophophora-fricii/","note":"CONTRADICTION: the on-site fricii page states IUCN Endangered; the live IUCN category via GBIF iucnRedListCategory and iNaturalist is DD (Data Deficient). stem_diam_mm_min not given on site (table says up to 12 cm; typical cultivated plants 5-8 cm). Elevation not stated on site. Flower diameter: Habermann gave 25 mm; later sources document 40 mm across."},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-alberto-vojtechii","taxon_name":"Lophophora alberto-vojtechii","status":"accepted","section":"Diffusae","rib_count":"5 (typically; exceptional specimens reach 8)","stem_diam_mm_min":10,"stem_diam_mm_max":25,"flower_colour":"white to dirty pink, occasionally creamy yellowish, with a darker longitudinal stripe","flower_diam_mm_min":15,"flower_diam_mm_max":35,"elev_min_m":1700,"elev_max_m":1700,"range_summary":"northern San Luis Potosi (type locality, alluvial flats of the Matehuala region) and northern Zacatecas (second population about 100 km NW); a third SLP locality with limited documentation","iucn":"NE","iucn_assessment_id":"","cites":"Appendix II","alkaloid_class":"pellotine-dominant","authority":"Bohata, Mysak and Snicer","year_described":2008,"inat_taxon_id":"502521","inat_obs":55,"inat_checked":"2026-09-01","gbif_key":"5624166","gbif_records":33,"gbif_checked":"2026-09-01","specimen_url":"/encyclopedia/lophophora-alberto-vojtechii/","note":"Discovered February 2007; described June 2008 in Cactus and Co. 12(2):105-117. Crown 10-25 mm (average 18 mm); flowers 15-35 mm (average about 23 mm), Zacatecas plants can exceed 30 mm. Elevation given on site as a single figure (about 1,700 m) so min and max are equal. GBIF backbone treats the name as a synonym of L. diffusa (key 5624166 -> 7282936), contrary to POWO which accepts it; data/synonyms/lophophora-alberto-vojtechii.json wrongly carries the diffusa key 7282936. No published alkaloid analysis; section-level expectation is pellotine-dominant with at most 1.3% mescaline."}],"alkaloids":[{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"Starr County, Texas","tissue":"crown (button)","condition":"wild, batched population sample","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"2.77","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"On-site alkaloid section; page Sources list Hulsey, M.G. et al. (2011) Alkaloid profiles of Lophophora williamsii from several Texas counties, Cactus and Succulent J.","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#alkaloids","note":"as published on rarecactus.com specimen page; primary citation needed; attribution to Hulsey et al. 2011 inferred from the page Sources list, not stated inline"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"Jim Hogg County, Texas","tissue":"crown (button)","condition":"wild, batched population sample","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"3.2","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"On-site alkaloid section; page Sources list Hulsey et al. (2011)","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#alkaloids","note":"as published on rarecactus.com specimen page; primary citation needed"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"Val Verde County, Texas","tissue":"crown (button)","condition":"wild, batched population sample","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"3.5","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"On-site alkaloid section; page Sources list Hulsey et al. (2011)","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#alkaloids","note":"as published on rarecactus.com specimen page; primary citation needed"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"Presidio County, Texas","tissue":"crown (button)","condition":"wild, batched population sample","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"3.52","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"On-site alkaloid section; page Sources list Hulsey et al. (2011)","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#alkaloids","note":"as published on rarecactus.com specimen page; primary citation needed"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"south Texas (Klein et al. sample)","tissue":"crown","condition":"wild, individual plants","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"1.82-5.50","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"13","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"Klein, M.T., Kalam, M., Trout, K., Fowler, N. and Terry, M. (2015). Mescaline concentrations in three principal tissues of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae): implications for sustainable harvesting practices. Haseltonia 20:34-42","source_doi_or_url":"https://doi.org/10.2985/026.020.0107","note":"range across 13 plants; on-site figure matches the verified citation record in seo/wikipedia-lophophora-citations.md (PDF read 2026-08-19)"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"south Texas (Klein et al. sample)","tissue":"subterranean stem","condition":"wild, individual plants","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"0.125-0.376","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"13","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"Klein et al. (2015) Haseltonia 20:34-42","source_doi_or_url":"https://doi.org/10.2985/026.020.0107","note":"roughly an order of magnitude below crown"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"south Texas (Klein et al. sample)","tissue":"root","condition":"wild, individual plants","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"0.0147-0.0520","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"13","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"Klein et al. (2015) Haseltonia 20:34-42","source_doi_or_url":"https://doi.org/10.2985/026.020.0107","note":"roughly an order of magnitude below subterranean stem"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"literature summary","tissue":"crown","condition":"typical published range","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"2-4","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"Klein et al. (2015) citing Bruhn and Holmstedt (1974) and Hulsey et al. (2011)","source_doi_or_url":"https://doi.org/10.2985/026.020.0107","note":"quoted in seo/wikipedia-lophophora-citations.md: mescaline typically a little less than 2% to around 4% of crown dry weight"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"unspecified (Rouhier, early literature)","tissue":"upper slices","condition":"dried","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"3.7","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"Rouhier, cited via on-site alkaloid section (page Sources list Bruhn and Holmstedt 1974, Early peyote research, Econ. Bot. 28:353-390)","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#alkaloids","note":"as published on rarecactus.com specimen page; primary citation needed"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"unspecified (Rouhier, early literature)","tissue":"heads","condition":"fresh","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"0.41","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"","basis":"fresh weight","source_citation":"Rouhier, cited via on-site alkaloid section","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#alkaloids","note":"as published on rarecactus.com specimen page; primary citation needed"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"unspecified (Rouhier, early literature)","tissue":"root","condition":"dried","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"0.73","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"Rouhier, cited via on-site alkaloid section","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#alkaloids","note":"as published on rarecactus.com specimen page; primary citation needed"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"unspecified (Rouhier, early literature)","tissue":"root","condition":"fresh","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"0.244","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"","basis":"fresh weight","source_citation":"Rouhier, cited via on-site alkaloid section","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#alkaloids","note":"as published on rarecactus.com specimen page; primary citation needed"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"cultivated, Italy (Siniscalco Gigliano)","tissue":"whole plant, cultivated","condition":"well irrigated","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"0.1","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"Siniscalco Gigliano, cited via on-site alkaloid section","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#alkaloids","note":"as published on rarecactus.com specimen page; primary citation needed; paired with the drought row below (27-fold difference)"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"cultivated, Italy (Siniscalco Gigliano)","tissue":"whole plant, cultivated","condition":"arid conditions for six months","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"2.74","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"Siniscalco Gigliano, cited via on-site alkaloid section","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#alkaloids","note":"as published on rarecactus.com specimen page; primary citation needed"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"cultivated, Italy (Siniscalco Gigliano)","tissue":"scion, grafted","condition":"standard conditions","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"0.93","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"Siniscalco Gigliano, cited via on-site alkaloid section","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#alkaloids","note":"as published on rarecactus.com specimen page; primary citation needed"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"unspecified (Heffter 1896 material, Anhalonium lewinii)","tissue":"dried material","condition":"maximum recovery","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"6.3","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"Heffter, A. (1896). Ueber Cacteenalkaloide. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 29:216-227","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#alkaloids","note":"on-site page cites this as the historical maximum; DOI not resolved this session"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"literature summary","tissue":"various","condition":"published minimum to maximum","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"0.10-6.3","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"On-site alkaloid section (commonly cited working range 0.9-6.0)","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#alkaloids","note":"as published on rarecactus.com specimen page; primary citation needed"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"Japan (Sasaki et al. 2009 sample, 13 plants)","tissue":"whole plant","condition":"cultivated / commercial","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"1.27-4.83","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"13","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"Sasaki, Y. et al. (2009). Forensic Sci. Int. 184(1-3):1-6","source_doi_or_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.11.002","note":"figure taken from the on-site fricii page; DOI supplied from the journal record and not fetched this session"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"general composition (dried buttons)","tissue":"crown (button)","condition":"dried","total_alkaloid_pct":"8","mescaline_pct":"","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"shares of total alkaloid: mescaline about 30%, pellotine about 17%, anhalonidine 14%, anhalamine 8%, hordenine 8%, lophophorine 5%; remainder minor and trace alkaloids; about 63 alkaloids regarded as established","n":"","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"On-site alkaloid section","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#alkaloids","note":"mescaline_pct and pellotine_pct left empty because the page gives these as shares of the total alkaloid fraction, not dry-weight percentages"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","population_or_county":"Coahuila vs San Luis Potosi (Todd 1969, June sampling)","tissue":"crown and root","condition":"wild, sampled in June","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"lophophorine dominant over mescaline at the June sampling date; Coahuila plants higher in mescaline with a more even crown-to-root distribution; SLP plants with mescaline largely confined to the crown and only traces in the root; hordenine found primarily in roots","n":"","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"Todd, J.S. (1969). Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of alkaloids in Lophophora williamsii. Lloydia 32:395-398","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#alkaloids","note":"qualitative comparison; no numeric values on site"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-diffusa","population_or_county":"Queretaro","tissue":"whole plant","condition":"wild and cultivated, species-verified material","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"0 (absent)","pellotine_pct":"dominant","other_alkaloid_note":"O-methylpellotine present (Bruhn and Agurell 1975) and not found in L. williamsii; anhalamine, anhalonidine, anhalonine, lophophorine and trace alkaloids also reported","n":"","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"Bruhn, J.G. and Agurell, S. (1975). Cactus alkaloids: isolation of O-methylpellotine; cited via on-site diffusa alkaloid section","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-diffusa/#alkaloids","note":"every species-verified analysis reports mescaline absent; no numeric pellotine percentage on site"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-fricii","population_or_county":"Coahuila (Habermann analysis via Starha compilation)","tissue":"whole plant","condition":"two specimens","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"0.014 (plus or minus 0.009)","pellotine_pct":"about 65 (share of total alkaloid)","other_alkaloid_note":"mescaline equals 0.9-1.1% of total alkaloid content in the two specimens","n":"2","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"Habermann analysis cited via Starha, R. and Kuchyna, J. (1996). Alkaloids of Lophophora fricii Habermann. Cactus and Co.","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-fricii/#alkaloids","note":"mescaline_pct is dry weight; pellotine_pct is a share of total alkaloid, as given on site"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-fricii","population_or_county":"Japan trade material Ginkangyoku (Lo-14, Lo-15, Lo-16)","tissue":"whole plant","condition":"cultivated / commercial","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"0 (not detected by HPLC)","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"trnL/trnF sequence distinct from all L. williamsii specimens and closer to L. diffusa","n":"3","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"Sasaki, Y. et al. (2009). Forensic Sci. Int. 184(1-3):1-6; identity as L. fricii per Aragane, M. et al. (2011). J. Nat. Med. 65(1):103-110","source_doi_or_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.11.002","note":"published as mescaline-free L. williamsii; reassigned to L. fricii on the on-site page via the Ginkangyoku trade name"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-fricii","population_or_county":"Viesca RS 404 and Viesca area (Starha)","tissue":"whole plant","condition":"wild-origin material","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"alkaloid profiles closely similar across both Viesca population types; confirmed complement includes tyramine, N-methyltyramine, hordenine, lophophorine, anhalinine, O-methylanhalidine, anhalidine, anhalamine, anhalonidine, anhalonine, trace N-methylmescaline","n":"","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"Starha, R. and Kuchyna, J. (1996). Cactus and Co.","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-fricii/#alkaloids","note":"qualitative; no numeric values on site"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-diffusa-koehresii","population_or_county":"San Luis Potosi","tissue":"whole plant","condition":"","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"1.3 (share of total alkaloid)","pellotine_pct":"88.4 (share of total alkaloid)","other_alkaloid_note":"","n":"","basis":"dry weight","source_citation":"Starha, R. and Kuchyna, J. (1996), cited via on-site alberto-vojtechii page","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-alberto-vojtechii/#alkaloids","note":"both values are shares of total alkaloid content, not dry-weight percentages; the 1.3% figure is the section Diffusae maximum quoted on site"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-alberto-vojtechii","population_or_county":"northern San Luis Potosi","tissue":"","condition":"no published analysis","total_alkaloid_pct":"","mescaline_pct":"","pellotine_pct":"","other_alkaloid_note":"expected pellotine-dominant with trace mescaline; the describing authors state the alkaloid profile awaits laboratory confirmation; section Diffusae maximum quoted on site is 1.3% mescaline as a share of total alkaloid","n":"","basis":"","source_citation":"Bohata, Mysak and Snicer (2008) Cactus and Co. 12(2):105-117, cited via on-site page","source_doi_or_url":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-alberto-vojtechii/#alkaloids","note":"no measurement exists; row records the gap"}],"range_markers":[{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"texas","region_label":"Texas, USA","place":"Starr County","lat":26.5,"lng":-98.82,"resolution":"county","color":"#4A7FB5","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"texas","region_label":"Texas, USA","place":"Jim Hogg County","lat":27.05,"lng":-98.7,"resolution":"county","color":"#4A7FB5","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"texas","region_label":"Texas, USA","place":"Brewster County (Big Bend)","lat":29.36,"lng":-103.64,"resolution":"county","color":"#4A7FB5","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"texas","region_label":"Texas, USA","place":"Rio Grande City","lat":26.38,"lng":-98.82,"resolution":"county","color":"#4A7FB5","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"texas","region_label":"Texas, USA","place":"Lower Pecos (Val Verde County)","lat":29.7,"lng":-101.36,"resolution":"county","color":"#4A7FB5","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"texas","region_label":"Texas, USA","place":"Zapata County","lat":26.91,"lng":-99.27,"resolution":"county","color":"#4A7FB5","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"texas","region_label":"Texas, USA","place":"Webb County (Mirando City)","lat":27.43,"lng":-99.02,"resolution":"county","color":"#4A7FB5","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"texas","region_label":"Texas, USA","place":"Presidio County (Shafter)","lat":29.82,"lng":-104.3,"resolution":"county","color":"#4A7FB5","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"texas","region_label":"Texas, USA","place":"Kinney County","lat":29.35,"lng":-100.42,"resolution":"county","color":"#4A7FB5","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"coahuila","region_label":"Coahuila","place":"Parras","lat":25.44,"lng":-102.18,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#C2614A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"coahuila","region_label":"Coahuila","place":"Parras Tanque Menchaca","lat":25.5,"lng":-102.05,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#C2614A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"coahuila","region_label":"Coahuila","place":"Saltillo to Monclova corridor","lat":26.1,"lng":-101.2,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#C2614A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"coahuila","region_label":"Coahuila","place":"Sierra Santa Rosa, Melchor Muzquiz","lat":27.87,"lng":-101.51,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#C2614A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":"on-site marker names carry accented characters (Muzquiz, Cienegas, Estacion, Leon, Potosi, Lucia, Mapimi); ASCII used here"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"coahuila","region_label":"Coahuila","place":"Hipolito (Mountain Form)","lat":25.7,"lng":-101.4,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#C2614A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"coahuila","region_label":"Coahuila","place":"La Casita","lat":27.0,"lng":-102.0,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#C2614A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"coahuila","region_label":"Coahuila","place":"El Amparo","lat":26.5,"lng":-101.5,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#C2614A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"coahuila","region_label":"Coahuila","place":"El Oso","lat":26.31,"lng":-101.78,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#C2614A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"coahuila","region_label":"Coahuila","place":"Cuatro Cienegas","lat":26.98,"lng":-102.07,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#C2614A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":"on-site marker names carry accented characters (Muzquiz, Cienegas, Estacion, Leon, Potosi, Lucia, Mapimi); ASCII used here"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"coahuila","region_label":"Coahuila","place":"La Cuchilla","lat":26.55,"lng":-102.5,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#C2614A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"coahuila","region_label":"Coahuila","place":"Sierra de la Paila (Las Coloradas)","lat":26.19,"lng":-101.64,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#C2614A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"coahuila","region_label":"Coahuila","place":"Estacion Marte","lat":25.7,"lng":-101.77,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#C2614A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":"on-site marker names carry accented characters (Muzquiz, Cienegas, Estacion, Leon, Potosi, Lucia, Mapimi); ASCII used here"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"nuevo-leon","region_label":"Nuevo Leon","place":"Rinconada","lat":25.68,"lng":-100.72,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#5B8A6A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"nuevo-leon","region_label":"Nuevo Leon","place":"San Pablo","lat":25.5,"lng":-99.8,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#5B8A6A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"nuevo-leon","region_label":"Nuevo Leon","place":"Mina","lat":26.3,"lng":-100.8,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#5B8A6A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"nuevo-leon","region_label":"Nuevo Leon","place":"El Carmen","lat":25.92,"lng":-100.36,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#5B8A6A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"nuevo-leon","region_label":"Nuevo Leon","place":"Icamole","lat":25.91,"lng":-100.71,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#5B8A6A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"nuevo-leon","region_label":"Nuevo Leon","place":"La Soledad (Aramberri)","lat":24.01,"lng":-100.05,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#5B8A6A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"san-luis-potosi","region_label":"San Luis Potosi","place":"Real de Catorce region (Wirikuta)","lat":23.67,"lng":-100.87,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#B8607A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"san-luis-potosi","region_label":"San Luis Potosi","place":"Real de Catorce","lat":23.67,"lng":-100.9,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#B8607A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"san-luis-potosi","region_label":"San Luis Potosi","place":"Estacion Catorce","lat":23.69,"lng":-100.99,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#B8607A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":"on-site marker names carry accented characters (Muzquiz, Cienegas, Estacion, Leon, Potosi, Lucia, Mapimi); ASCII used here"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"san-luis-potosi","region_label":"San Luis Potosi","place":"El Huizache","lat":22.92,"lng":-100.4,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#B8607A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"san-luis-potosi","region_label":"San Luis Potosi","place":"El Huizache El Coyote","lat":22.95,"lng":-100.36,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#B8607A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"san-luis-potosi","region_label":"San Luis Potosi","place":"El Huizache Entronque","lat":22.93,"lng":-100.43,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#B8607A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"san-luis-potosi","region_label":"San Luis Potosi","place":"Moctezuma","lat":22.75,"lng":-101.08,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#B8607A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"san-luis-potosi","region_label":"San Luis Potosi","place":"El Milagro de Guadalupe","lat":23.14,"lng":-100.45,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#B8607A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"zacatecas","region_label":"Zacatecas","place":"Mazapil","lat":24.38,"lng":-101.98,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#C9A84C","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"zacatecas","region_label":"Zacatecas","place":"La Cardona","lat":24.5,"lng":-101.82,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#C9A84C","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"zacatecas","region_label":"Zacatecas","place":"San Tiburcio","lat":24.13,"lng":-101.51,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#C9A84C","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"chihuahua","region_label":"Chihuahua","place":"Camargo","lat":27.68,"lng":-105.17,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#7B6FA0","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"chihuahua","region_label":"Chihuahua","place":"Santa Lucia","lat":28.46,"lng":-105.67,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#7B6FA0","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":"on-site marker names carry accented characters (Muzquiz, Cienegas, Estacion, Leon, Potosi, Lucia, Mapimi); ASCII used here"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"other","region_label":"Other States","place":"Tamaulipas (Reynosa)","lat":26.09,"lng":-98.29,"resolution":"state","color":"#8B6F4A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":"site groups Tamaulipas and Durango under Other States; single named place per state, kept at state resolution as on site"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","region_id":"other","region_label":"Other States","place":"Durango (Mapimi)","lat":24.75,"lng":-102.67,"resolution":"state","color":"#8B6F4A","source":"rarecactus.com L. williamsii locality list, verified 2026-08-24","note":"site groups Tamaulipas and Durango under Other States; single named place per state, kept at state resolution as on site"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-diffusa","region_id":"queretaro","region_label":"Queretaro","place":"Cadereyta de Montes (municipio)","lat":20.79,"lng":-99.67,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#3A5A7A","source":"Nominatim (OpenStreetMap) search, fetched 2026-09-01; on-site diffusa page names Cadereyta de Montes and the Vizarron area as the core of the range","note":"municipio administrative centroid; Vizarron (village, 20.83 -99.72) deliberately not used because it is finer than municipio"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-diffusa","region_id":"queretaro","region_label":"Queretaro","place":"Ezequiel Montes (municipio)","lat":20.65,"lng":-99.91,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#3A5A7A","source":"Nominatim (OpenStreetMap) search, fetched 2026-09-01; municipio named on the on-site diffusa page","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-diffusa","region_id":"queretaro","region_label":"Queretaro","place":"Tequisquiapan (municipio)","lat":20.54,"lng":-99.95,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#3A5A7A","source":"Nominatim (OpenStreetMap) search, fetched 2026-09-01; municipio named on the on-site diffusa page","note":""},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-diffusa","region_id":"queretaro","region_label":"Queretaro","place":"Jalpan de Serra (municipio, Sierra Gorda)","lat":21.38,"lng":-99.33,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#3A5A7A","source":"Nominatim (OpenStreetMap) search, fetched 2026-09-01; municipio named on the on-site diffusa page for northern collections","note":"secondary, less documented cluster per on-site page"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-fricii","region_id":"coahuila","region_label":"Coahuila","place":"Viesca (municipio)","lat":25.19,"lng":-102.86,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#3A5A7A","source":"Nominatim (OpenStreetMap) search, fetched 2026-09-01 (https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Viesca,Coahuila&format=json); on-site fricii page: Viesca lagoon area, two population types about 20 km apart","note":"municipio administrative centroid, not either population"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-fricii","region_id":"coahuila","region_label":"Coahuila","place":"San Pedro (municipio, type locality vicinity)","lat":26.12,"lng":-102.77,"resolution":"municipio","color":"#3A5A7A","source":"Nominatim (OpenStreetMap) search, fetched 2026-09-01; on-site fricii page: Habermann type material collected by Denis Cowper near San Pedro","note":"large municipio; centroid sits well north of the Viesca basin"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-alberto-vojtechii","region_id":"san-luis-potosi","region_label":"San Luis Potosi","place":"San Luis Potosi (state centroid; type locality is in the north of the state)","lat":22.5,"lng":-100.49,"resolution":"state","color":"#3A5A7A","source":"Nominatim (OpenStreetMap) search, fetched 2026-09-01 (state=San Luis Potosi, country=Mexico); on-site page: northern SLP at about 1,700 m","note":"state-level only by policy; the state centroid lies south of the actual population"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-alberto-vojtechii","region_id":"zacatecas","region_label":"Zacatecas","place":"Zacatecas (state centroid; second population is in the north of the state)","lat":23.09,"lng":-102.93,"resolution":"state","color":"#3A5A7A","source":"Nominatim (OpenStreetMap) search, fetched 2026-09-01 (state=Zacatecas, country=Mexico); on-site page: second population about 100 km NW of the type locality","note":"state-level only by policy"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-diffusa-koehresii","region_id":"san-luis-potosi","region_label":"San Luis Potosi","place":"San Luis Potosi (state centroid; population is in the east of the state)","lat":22.5,"lng":-100.49,"resolution":"state","color":"#3A5A7A","source":"Nominatim (OpenStreetMap) search, fetched 2026-09-01 (state=San Luis Potosi, country=Mexico); on-site alberto-vojtechii page: Las Tablas, San Luis Potosi","note":"state-level only by policy"}],"elevation":{"n_records":382,"n_with_alt":93,"bin_size":100,"bins":{"300":1,"400":0,"500":0,"600":1,"700":3,"800":7,"900":5,"1000":4,"1100":9,"1200":15,"1300":13,"1400":16,"1500":4,"1600":9,"1700":3,"1800":1,"1900":2},"min_m":300,"max_m":1988,"published_band":[100,1900],"by_state":{"Mexico":{"n":73,"min_m":300,"median_m":1294,"max_m":1988},"Querétaro":{"n":4,"min_m":1400,"median_m":1400,"max_m":1410},"San Luis Potosí":{"n":4,"min_m":1150,"median_m":1425,"max_m":1471},"Las Palomas":{"n":4,"min_m":800,"median_m":800,"max_m":800}},"source":"https://rarecactus.com/wp-content/uploads/field-numbers/index.json","built_at":"2026-09-02T06:09:11Z"},"obscuration":[{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","gbif_key":"5384220","gbif_records":2002,"gbif_georeferenced":1575,"inat_dataset_share_pct":79.5,"coordinate_uncertainty_mode_m":30047,"inat_obscured":"yes (geoprivacy obscured for both IUCN VU and NOM-059 statuses)","iucn_assessed":"yes (VU, e.T151962A121515326)","reason":"iNaturalist obscures coordinates for threatened taxa to a random point inside a roughly 0.2 x 0.2 degree cell and reports about 30 km uncertainty; 79.5% of GBIF records come from the iNaturalist dataset 50c9509d-22c7-4a22-a47d-8c48425ef4a7, so most georeferenced peyote records cluster at that uncertainty. The 30047 m mode reflects 212 records; 11 further bins span 29798 to 30258 m.","checked_date":"2026-09-01","source_url":"https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?taxonKey=5384220&facet=coordinateUncertaintyInMeters&limit=0"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-diffusa","gbif_key":"7282936","gbif_records":301,"gbif_georeferenced":246,"inat_dataset_share_pct":83.7,"coordinate_uncertainty_mode_m":30415,"inat_obscured":"yes (IUCN VU and NOM-059 En peligro de extincion)","iucn_assessed":"yes (VU, e.T40967A121501921)","reason":"same iNaturalist obscuration; GBIF key 7282936 also absorbs synonymised alberto-vojtechii and koehresii records. The 30415 m mode reflects 97 records; next bins at 30434 m and 30298 m; a bin at 80 m holds 20 records.","checked_date":"2026-09-01","source_url":"https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?taxonKey=7282936&facet=coordinateUncertaintyInMeters&limit=0"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-diffusa-koehresii","gbif_key":"5624117","gbif_records":53,"gbif_georeferenced":52,"inat_dataset_share_pct":98.1,"coordinate_uncertainty_mode_m":30298,"inat_obscured":"yes (iNaturalist geoprivacy obscured although IUCN status is NE)","iucn_assessed":"no (NE)","reason":"iNaturalist applies obscuration to the whole genus; 98.1% of records are iNaturalist; GBIF treats 5624117 as a synonym of L. diffusa. The 30298 m mode reflects 28 records; next bins at 30318 m, 30278 m, and 30090 m.","checked_date":"2026-09-01","source_url":"https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?taxonKey=5624117&facet=coordinateUncertaintyInMeters&limit=0"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-fricii","gbif_key":"5624121","gbif_records":23,"gbif_georeferenced":21,"inat_dataset_share_pct":95.7,"coordinate_uncertainty_mode_m":29981,"inat_obscured":"yes (iNaturalist geoprivacy obscured; IUCN DD)","iucn_assessed":"yes (DD, IUCN taxon 152314)","reason":"iNaturalist obscuration; 95.7% of records are iNaturalist; on-site page states Endangered but the live IUCN category is Data Deficient. The 29981 m mode reflects 16 records; next bins at 29958 m and 52500 m.","checked_date":"2026-09-01","source_url":"https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?taxonKey=5624121&facet=coordinateUncertaintyInMeters&limit=0"},{"taxon_slug":"lophophora-alberto-vojtechii","gbif_key":"5624166","gbif_records":33,"gbif_georeferenced":33,"inat_dataset_share_pct":100.0,"coordinate_uncertainty_mode_m":30090,"inat_obscured":"yes (iNaturalist geoprivacy obscured although IUCN status is NE)","iucn_assessed":"no (NE)","reason":"100% of GBIF records are iNaturalist and every one is obscured to about 30 km; GBIF treats 5624166 as a synonym of L. diffusa. The 30090 m mode reflects 16 records; next bins at 30112 m, 30133 m, and 30069 m.","checked_date":"2026-09-01","source_url":"https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?taxonKey=5624166&facet=coordinateUncertaintyInMeters&limit=0"}],"timeline":[{"year":1839,"event":"Echinocactus williamsii described; epithet honours Colonel Oswald J. P. Williams","authority_or_actor":"Charles Lemaire","taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","source":"on-site williamsii page, taxonomy table and Taxonomy section; page Sources: Lemaire, C. (1839) Cact. Gen. Nov. Sp.","note":"the same page's synonyms block dates the valid basionym Echinocactus williamsii Lem. ex Salm-Dyck to 1845; POWO authority string is (Lem. ex J.F.Cels) J.M.Coult."},{"year":1845,"event":"Echinocactus williamsii validly published as Lem. ex Salm-Dyck (basionym)","authority_or_actor":"Salm-Dyck","taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","source":"on-site williamsii synonyms block (POWO/IPNI sourced)","note":"see 1839 row"},{"year":1888,"event":"Anhalonium lewinii described; later the material basis for Heffter's alkaloid work","authority_or_actor":"Paul Hennings","taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","source":"on-site williamsii synonyms block and Taxonomy section","note":"heterotypic synonym of L. williamsii"},{"year":1894,"event":"Genus Lophophora erected and L. williamsii (Lem.) J.M.Coult. combined","authority_or_actor":"John Merle Coulter","taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","source":"on-site williamsii page; page Sources: Coulter, J.M. (1894) Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3(2):91-132","note":""},{"year":1894,"event":"Pellotine isolated from Lophophora material labelled Anhalonium williamsii; source probably Queretaro (diffusa) material","authority_or_actor":"Arthur Heffter","taxon_slug":"lophophora-diffusa","source":"on-site diffusa page, alkaloid section; page Sources: Heffter, A. (1894) Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 27:2975-2979","note":"attribution of the source material to L. diffusa follows Trout's Notes as summarised on site"},{"year":1894,"event":"Lophophora lewinii (Henn.) Rusby combination","authority_or_actor":"Henry Hurd Rusby","taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","source":"on-site williamsii synonyms block","note":"heterotypic synonym"},{"year":1896,"event":"Mescaline isolated and identified from peyote (Anhalonium lewinii); maximum recovery 6.3% reported","authority_or_actor":"Arthur Heffter","taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","source":"on-site williamsii page, alkaloid section; page Sources: Heffter, A. (1896) Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 29:216-227","note":""},{"year":1924,"event":"Pink-flowered Coahuilan Lophophora photographed and labelled Anhalonium sp. flora rosea","authority_or_actor":"Alberto Vojtech Fric","taxon_slug":"lophophora-fricii","source":"on-site fricii page, Taxonomy section","note":"earliest documented encounter with the plant later named L. fricii"},{"year":1925,"event":"Fric's photograph published","authority_or_actor":"Alberto Vojtech Fric","taxon_slug":"lophophora-fricii","source":"on-site fricii page, Taxonomy section","note":""},{"year":1935,"event":"Fric relabels the photograph Lophophora williamsii, beginning four decades of misidentification","authority_or_actor":"Alberto Vojtech Fric","taxon_slug":"lophophora-fricii","source":"on-site fricii page, Taxonomy section","note":""},{"year":1944,"event":"Lophophora echinata var. diffusa described from Queretaro material (basionym of L. diffusa); L. echinata also published","authority_or_actor":"Leon Croizat","taxon_slug":"lophophora-diffusa","source":"on-site diffusa page and data/synonyms/lophophora-diffusa.json; page Sources: Croizat, L. (1944) Cactus and Succ. J. Gr. Brit.","note":"on-site table says Described by Croizat (1944)"},{"year":1967,"event":"Lophophora diffusa (Croizat) Bravo raised to species rank","authority_or_actor":"Helia Bravo","taxon_slug":"lophophora-diffusa","source":"POWO and GBIF authority string (Croizat) Bravo, checked 2026-09-01; on-site diffusa Sources: Bravo, H. (1967) Las Cactaceas de Mexico vol. 1","note":"year taken from the on-site Sources entry for Bravo"},{"year":1969,"event":"Thin-layer chromatographic alkaloid study; June samples from Coahuila and San Luis Potosi show lophophorine dominant","authority_or_actor":"J. S. Todd","taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","source":"on-site williamsii alkaloid section; page Sources: Todd, J.S. (1969) Lloydia 32:395-398","note":""},{"year":1974,"event":"Lophophora jourdaniana described from cultivated material","authority_or_actor":"Vlastimil Habermann","taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","source":"on-site williamsii jourdaniana section and Sources (Habermann 1974, Kaktusy 10:3-4)","note":"INTERNAL INCONSISTENCY: the same page's synonyms block dates L. jourdaniana Haberm. to 1975"},{"year":1975,"event":"Lophophora fricii described in Kaktusy from Denis Cowper's San Pedro, Coahuila material","authority_or_actor":"Vlastimil Habermann","taxon_slug":"lophophora-fricii","source":"on-site fricii page; taxonomy table Named by Habermann (1975); page Sources: Habermann, V. (1975) Kaktusy (Brno) 10:123; POWO authority Haberm.","note":""},{"year":1975,"event":"O-methylpellotine isolated from species-verified L. diffusa; alkaloid marker separating it from L. williamsii","authority_or_actor":"J. G. Bruhn and S. Agurell","taxon_slug":"lophophora-diffusa","source":"on-site diffusa alkaloid section and Sources","note":""},{"year":1996,"event":"Lophophora diffusa var. koehresii published","authority_or_actor":"Riha","taxon_slug":"lophophora-diffusa-koehresii","source":"data/synonyms/lophophora-diffusa.json (GBIF backbone synonym list)","note":"later raised to species by Bohata, Mysak and Snicer (POWO authority string); year of that combination not verified this session"},{"year":1996,"event":"Alkaloids of Lophophora fricii published; also koehresii pellotine 88.4% of total alkaloid","authority_or_actor":"R. Starha and J. Kuchyna","taxon_slug":"lophophora-fricii","source":"on-site fricii and alberto-vojtechii alkaloid sections; fricii Sources: Starha and Kuchyna (1996) Cactus and Co.","note":""},{"year":2007,"event":"Lophophora alberto-vojtechii discovered in February on alluvial flats of northern San Luis Potosi","authority_or_actor":"Jaroslav Snicer, Jaroslav Bohata and Vojtech Mysak","taxon_slug":"lophophora-alberto-vojtechii","source":"on-site alberto-vojtechii page; Wikipedia article (fetched 2026-09-01) also gives 2007","note":""},{"year":2008,"event":"Lophophora alberto-vojtechii described in the June issue of Cactus and Co. 12(2):105-117","authority_or_actor":"Bohata, Mysak and Snicer","taxon_slug":"lophophora-alberto-vojtechii","source":"on-site alberto-vojtechii page (taxonomy table: Authority Bohata, Mysak and Snicer, 2008); POWO accepted, checked 2026-09-01","note":""},{"year":2009,"event":"Expanded English account of L. alberto-vojtechii in Cactus and Succulent Journal 81(6)","authority_or_actor":"Bohata, Mysak and Snicer","taxon_slug":"lophophora-alberto-vojtechii","source":"on-site alberto-vojtechii page","note":""},{"year":2009,"event":"Sasaki et al. HPLC and trnL/trnF study; Ginkangyoku specimens mescaline-free and genetically distinct from L. williamsii","authority_or_actor":"Y. Sasaki et al.","taxon_slug":"lophophora-fricii","source":"on-site fricii page; Sources: Sasaki, Y. et al. (2009) Forensic Sci. Int. 184(1-3):1-6","note":"specimens later reassigned to L. fricii"},{"year":2011,"event":"Regrowth and survivorship study of harvested peyote in a south Texas population (Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii I)","authority_or_actor":"M. Terry et al.","taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","source":"cactusconservation.org/research/ (fetched 2026-09-01) lists Terry et al. 2011 and 2012 in J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas; on-site williamsii Habitat section: harvested crowns need four or more years to regenerate","note":"on-site Sources cite the related Kalam et al. 2012 and 2013 regrowth alkaloid papers and Hulsey et al. 2011 rather than Terry et al. 2011 by name"},{"year":2011,"event":"Aragane et al. morphological confirmation of the Ginkangyoku (L. fricii) specimens","authority_or_actor":"M. Aragane et al.","taxon_slug":"lophophora-fricii","source":"on-site fricii page; Sources: Aragane, M. et al. (2011) J. Nat. Med. 65(1):103-110","note":""},{"year":2013,"event":"IUCN Red List assessment of L. diffusa (Vulnerable B1ab(v)+2ab(v)); amended 2017","authority_or_actor":"C. Gomez-Hinostrosa, E. Sanchez, J. Guadalupe Martinez and M. Terry","taxon_slug":"lophophora-diffusa","source":"seo/wikipedia-lophophora-citations.md (IUCN page rendered live 2026-08-19): e.T40967A121501921; live category VU re-confirmed via GBIF and iNaturalist 2026-09-01","note":""},{"year":2015,"event":"Mescaline concentrations in crown, subterranean stem and root of 13 L. williamsii plants published","authority_or_actor":"M. T. Klein, M. Kalam, K. Trout, N. Fowler and M. Terry","taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","source":"seo/wikipedia-lophophora-citations.md: Haseltonia 20:34-42, doi:10.2985/026.020.0107 (PDF read 2026-08-19)","note":"on-site williamsii Sources list Klein et al. as 2013 and 2015 in J. Nat. Prod.; the verified 2015 paper is in Haseltonia"},{"year":2017,"event":"IUCN Red List assessment of L. williamsii (Vulnerable A4acd)","authority_or_actor":"M. Terry","taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","source":"seo/wikipedia-lophophora-citations.md: e.T151962A121515326 (IUCN page rendered live 2026-08-19); live category VU re-confirmed via GBIF and iNaturalist 2026-09-01","note":"CONTRADICTION: on-site williamsii Sources credit the assessment to Gomez-Hinostrosa, C. et al. (2013); the verified assessor and year are Terry, M. 2017"},{"year":2018,"event":"CactusWorld cultivation account: L. williamsii trouble-free, other species more sensitive; propagation by fresh seed, grafting, cuttings","authority_or_actor":"Niesel","taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","source":"seo/wikipedia-lophophora-citations.md: CactusWorld 36(1):5-14","note":""},{"year":2022,"event":"Bradleya review: cultivation as a conservation tool; about ten years to maturity from seed in the wild","authority_or_actor":"A. O. Ermakova, M. K. Terry and K. Trout","taxon_slug":"lophophora-williamsii","source":"seo/wikipedia-lophophora-citations.md: Bradleya 2022(sp40):71-82, doi:10.25223/brad.sp40.2022.a8 (PDF read 2026-08-19); BioOne landing page returned an empty body to the fetcher 2026-09-01","note":""}],"growth_bands":[{"mode":"seed","year":1,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"none","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle","note":"no diameter stated for year one; page says growth in the first two years is slow"},{"mode":"seed","year":2,"diam_mm_min":5,"diam_mm_max":10,"flowering":"none","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle","note":"seedling caption: body diameters of 5 to 10 mm achievable under ideal conditions by the end of year two"},{"mode":"seed","year":3,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"none","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle","note":"no diameter stated for year three; page treats years one to three as the demanding seedling period"},{"mode":"seed","year":5,"diam_mm_min":15,"diam_mm_max":30,"flowering":"unlikely","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle; https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/ care widget (Bloom season: 10-20 years seed grown)","note":"year five to eight: identifiable adult body of 1.5 to 3 cm; flowering on seed grown plants begins between years ten and twenty"},{"mode":"seed","year":8,"diam_mm_min":15,"diam_mm_max":30,"flowering":"unlikely","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle; https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/ care widget (Bloom season: 10-20 years seed grown)","note":"same 1.5 to 3 cm band as year five"},{"mode":"seed","year":10,"diam_mm_min":30,"diam_mm_max":50,"flowering":"possible","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle; https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/ care widget (Bloom season: 10-20 years seed grown)","note":"by year ten a plant under good conditions may reach 3 to 5 cm; earliest ungrafted flowering on site is year ten"},{"mode":"seed","year":15,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"likely","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle; https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/ care widget (Bloom season: 10-20 years seed grown)","note":"no diameter stated for year fifteen; inside the 10-20 year flowering window"},{"mode":"seed","year":20,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"expected","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle; https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/ care widget (Bloom season: 10-20 years seed grown)","note":"no diameter stated for year twenty; page says a 6-8 cm body is likely older than the 10-20 year blooming-size plant"},{"mode":"seed","year":25,"diam_mm_min":50,"diam_mm_max":80,"flowering":"expected","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle","note":"largest seed grown specimens 5 to 8 cm across represent twenty-five or more years"},{"mode":"grafted","year":1,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"none","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle","note":"page gives no year-one figure; grafted plants reach flowering size in three to five years. The brief's year-one grafted flowering is not supported on site"},{"mode":"grafted","year":2,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"unlikely","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle","note":"no diameter stated"},{"mode":"grafted","year":3,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"possible","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle","note":"start of the three-to-five-year grafted flowering window; no diameter stated"},{"mode":"grafted","year":5,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"likely","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle","note":"end of the three-to-five-year grafted flowering window; no diameter stated"},{"mode":"grafted","year":8,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"expected","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle","note":"no diameter stated; grafted specimens do not develop the flat profile of ungrafted plants"},{"mode":"grafted","year":10,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"expected","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle","note":"no diameter stated"},{"mode":"grafted","year":15,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"expected","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle","note":"no diameter stated"},{"mode":"grafted","year":20,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"expected","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle","note":"no diameter stated"},{"mode":"grafted","year":25,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"expected","source":"https://rarecactus.com/encyclopedia/lophophora-williamsii/#lifecycle","note":"no diameter stated"},{"mode":"wild","year":1,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"none","source":"Ermakova, Terry and Trout (2022) Bradleya 2022(sp40):71-82, doi:10.25223/brad.sp40.2022.a8, quoted in seo/wikipedia-lophophora-citations.md","note":"no wild diameter data on site or in the quoted passage"},{"mode":"wild","year":2,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"none","source":"Ermakova, Terry and Trout (2022) Bradleya 2022(sp40):71-82, doi:10.25223/brad.sp40.2022.a8, quoted in seo/wikipedia-lophophora-citations.md","note":"no wild diameter data"},{"mode":"wild","year":3,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"none","source":"Ermakova, Terry and Trout (2022) Bradleya 2022(sp40):71-82, doi:10.25223/brad.sp40.2022.a8, quoted in seo/wikipedia-lophophora-citations.md","note":"no wild diameter data"},{"mode":"wild","year":5,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"unlikely","source":"Ermakova, Terry and Trout (2022) Bradleya 2022(sp40):71-82, doi:10.25223/brad.sp40.2022.a8, quoted in seo/wikipedia-lophophora-citations.md","note":"no wild diameter data; about ten years to maturity from seed in the wild"},{"mode":"wild","year":8,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"possible","source":"Ermakova, Terry and Trout (2022) Bradleya 2022(sp40):71-82, doi:10.25223/brad.sp40.2022.a8, quoted in seo/wikipedia-lophophora-citations.md","note":"no wild diameter data; approaching the ten-year maturity figure"},{"mode":"wild","year":10,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"likely","source":"Ermakova, Terry and Trout (2022) Bradleya 2022(sp40):71-82, doi:10.25223/brad.sp40.2022.a8, quoted in seo/wikipedia-lophophora-citations.md","note":"about ten years to maturity from seed in the wild; no diameter given in the quoted passage"},{"mode":"wild","year":15,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"expected","source":"Ermakova, Terry and Trout (2022) Bradleya 2022(sp40):71-82, doi:10.25223/brad.sp40.2022.a8, quoted in seo/wikipedia-lophophora-citations.md","note":"no wild diameter data"},{"mode":"wild","year":20,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"expected","source":"Ermakova, Terry and Trout (2022) Bradleya 2022(sp40):71-82, doi:10.25223/brad.sp40.2022.a8, quoted in seo/wikipedia-lophophora-citations.md","note":"no wild diameter data"},{"mode":"wild","year":25,"diam_mm_min":"","diam_mm_max":"","flowering":"expected","source":"Ermakova, Terry and Trout (2022) Bradleya 2022(sp40):71-82, doi:10.25223/brad.sp40.2022.a8, quoted in seo/wikipedia-lophophora-citations.md","note":"no wild diameter data; on-site Habitat section adds that harvested crowns need four or more years to regenerate usable regrowth"}]}