Commercio e raccolta del peyote, dal 1986 al 2016
Il Texas è l’unico posto al mondo con una raccolta commerciale di peyote su licenza, e il suo Department of Public Safety ha pubblicato per trentun anni i totali annuali dei distributori. I distributori autorizzati hanno dichiarato 1.913.212 bottoni venduti nel 1986, un picco di 2.317.380 nel 1997 e 867.674 nel 2016, l’ultimo anno in cui lo stato ha richiesto i dati. Nello stesso periodo il prezzo medio per mille bottoni è salito da 78 a 378 dollari. Su rarecactus.com abbiamo riunito in un solo dataset tutti i dati pubblicati dal DPS del Texas sui distributori di peyote dal 1986 al 2016 e li abbiamo affiancati allo studio sulla ricrescita del Cactus Conservation Institute, perché le due serie si spiegano a vicenda e non erano mai state rappresentate insieme. Ogni grafico ha la sua tabella sotto, e ogni numero rimanda a una pagina o a un articolo citati.
Quanti bottoni di peyote ha dichiarato di vendere il Texas dal 1986 al 2016?
Tra circa 0,9 e 2,3 milioni di bottoni all’anno, con un numero calato di oltre la metà tra il picco del 1997 e il 2016. I quattro grafici seguono i bottoni venduti, le vendite dichiarate in dollari, il prezzo medio per mille bottoni e il numero di distributori autorizzati. Bottoni e dollari si muovono in direzioni opposte dalla fine degli anni Novanta in poi: uscivano dal terreno meno piante mentre il commercio ne ricavava di più, ed è così che appare dall’interno un’offerta selvatica che si riduce. Le linee tratteggiate segnano gli emendamenti del 1994 all’American Indian Religious Freedom Act, che hanno portato l’esenzione della Native American Church nella legge federale, e il cambio di norma del 2016 che ha messo fine alle dichiarazioni.
| Anno | Bottoni venduti | Vendite (USD) | Prezzo per 1.000 | Distributori autorizzati | Nota |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1986 | 1.913.212 | $149.308 | $78 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)price_per_1000 for 1986-2014 is the Trout table column 'Price per Thousand', which equals DPS total sales divided by buttons x 1000 (a derived annual average, not a quoted wholesale list price); no per-button consumer price is published by DPS; Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,913,212 buttons / $149307.52 / $78 per 1000; AGREE: sacredcacti.com mirror of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,913,212 buttons / $149307.52; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,913,212 buttons / $149307.52; distributors: no DPS count for this year; Texas Monthly (1988-07-01) says nine licensed Texans at time of writing; Feeney 2017 says 27 in the mid-1970s citing Morgan 1976 (https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Feeney_2017_Human-Organization_76_1_59-72_-Peyote-as-Commodity.pdf) | |
| 1987 | 1.766.409 | $137.046 | $78 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,766,409 buttons / $137046.30 / $78 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,766,409 buttons / $137046.30; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,766,409 buttons / $137046.30; distributors: no DPS count for this year; Texas Monthly (1988-07-01) says nine licensed Texans at time of writing; Feeney 2017 says 27 in the mid-1970s citing Morgan 1976 (https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Feeney_2017_Human-Organization_76_1_59-72_-Peyote-as-Commodity.pdf) | |
| 1988 | 1.575.766 | $129.051 | $82 | 9 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,575,766 buttons / $129051.01 / $82 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,575,766 buttons / $129051.01; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,575,766 buttons / $129051.01; Texas Monthly 'Button Pushers' (published 1988-07-01) quotes dealer prices: Lopez $80 per 1000 fresh and $100 per 1000 dried; Reyna family $75 fresh / $90 dried, pickers paid $45 per 1000; Reynas sell 500,000-600,000 buttons a year (https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/button-pushers/); distributors: Texas Monthly 1988-07-01 'Lopez is one of nine Texans ... licensed by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency and the Texas Department of Public Safety' (https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/button-pushers/); no Trout figure for this year |
| 1989 | 1.572.102 | $129.620 | $82 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,572,102 buttons / $129619.62 / $82 per 1000; AGREE: cactusconservation.org/CCI/pc copy of the Trout page prints the same row; DISAGREE (transcription-level): CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,572,102 buttons / $129618.72; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,572,102 buttons / $129618.72 (Trout value kept in cell); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated) | |
| 1990 | 1.772.126 | $156.607 | $88 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,772,126 buttons / $156607.29 / $88 per 1000; AGREE: sacredcacti.com mirror of the Trout page prints the same row; cactusconservation.org/CCI/pc copy of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,772,126 buttons / $156607.29; DISAGREE (transcription-level): CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,722,126 buttons / $156607.29 (Trout value kept in cell); Trout page prints the 1990 sales figure with a typo as $156.607.29; Trout also states resale price to consumers was 'around $0.09' per button in 1990 (consistent with 156607.29/1772126); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated) | |
| 1991 | 1.859.189 | $182.544 | $97 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,859,189 buttons / $182544.02 / $97 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,859,189 buttons / $182544.02; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,859,189 buttons / $182544.02; distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated) | |
| 1992 | 1.886.434 | $192.695 | $102 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,886,434 buttons / $192695.25 / $102 per 1000; AGREE: cactusconservation.org/CCI/pc copy of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,886,434 buttons / $192695.25; DISAGREE (transcription-level): CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,866,434 buttons / $192695.25 (Trout value kept in cell); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated) | |
| 1993 | 1.978.646 | $210.248 | $106 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,978,646 buttons / $210247.60 / $106 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,978,646 buttons / $210247.60; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,978,646 buttons / $210247.60; Trout row flagged 'data from DPS in 2011' (year was a gap when first obtained in 2005); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated) | |
| 1994 | 2.184.739 | $246.633 | $113 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 2,184,739 buttons / $246632.94 / $113 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 2,184,739 buttons / $246632.94; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 2,184,739 buttons / $246632.94; Trout row flagged 'data from DPS in 2011' (year was a gap when first obtained in 2005); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated) | |
| 1995 | 2.252.174 | $234.750 | $104 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 2,252,174 buttons / $234750.20 / $104 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 2,252,174 buttons / $234750.20; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 2,252,174 buttons / $234750.20; Trout row flagged 'data from DPS in 2011' (year was a gap when first obtained in 2005); Feeney 2017 cites Anderson 1995 for a market price of $170 per 1000 in 1995, DISAGREES with derived $104 (a quoted retail price vs an annual average); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated) | |
| 1996 | 2.258.993 | $278.580 | $123 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 2,258,993 buttons / $278579.50 / $123 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 2,258,993 buttons / $278579.50; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 2,258,993 buttons / $278579.50; distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated) | |
| 1997 | 2.317.380 | $274.501 | $118 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 2,317,380 buttons / $274500.62 / $118 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 2,317,380 buttons / $274500.62; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 2,317,380 buttons / $274500.62; peak year of the DPS series; Feeney 2017 'high of 2.3 million buttons in 1997' AGREES; Gossamer 'Button Down' '1997, when sales topped out at 2.3 million' AGREES; Vice/MAPS 2018 'peaked in 1998 at around 2.5 million' DISAGREES with DPS (https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-decline-of-american-peyote-v24n5/); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated) | |
| 1998 | 2.076.167 | $277.120 | $133 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 2,076,167 buttons / $277119.71 / $133 per 1000; AGREE: sacredcacti.com mirror of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 2,076,167 buttons / $277119.71; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 2,076,167 buttons / $277119.71; Vice/MAPS 2018 claims this was the peak year at around 2.5 million buttons; DPS table shows 2,076,167 and the peak in 1997; Vice DISAGREES; distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated) | |
| 1999 | 2.093.335 | $335.823 | $160 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 2,093,335 buttons / $335823.02 / $160 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 2,093,335 buttons / $335823.02; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 2,093,335 buttons / $335823.02; distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated) | |
| 2000 | 2.057.020 | $310.722 | $151 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 2,057,020 buttons / $310722.10 / $151 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 2,057,020 buttons / $310722.10; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 2,057,020 buttons / $310722.10; Trout: resale price to consumers '$0.15' per button in 2000 (consistent with 310722.10/2057020); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated) | |
| 2001 | 1.934.600 | $360.676 | $186 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,934,600 buttons / $360676.00 / $186 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,934,600 buttons / $360676.00; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,934,600 buttons / $360676.00; distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated) | |
| 2002 | 1.703.914 | $404.860 | $237 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,703,914 buttons / $404859.50 / $237 per 1000; AGREE: cactusconservation.org/CCI/pc copy of the Trout page prints the same row; DISAGREE (transcription-level): CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,793,914 buttons / $404859.50; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,793,914 buttons / $404859.50 (Trout value kept in cell); Trout row flagged 'data from DPS in 2011' (year was a gap when first obtained in 2005); Trout also prints an earlier 2005 DPS response for 2002: 1,820,847 buttons / $422,289.50 / $232 per 1000 (three distinct button counts exist for 2002 across sources); distributors: no year-specific count published; Trout: 'Prior to [2003-2005] there were five and before that there were more' (years not stated) | |
| 2003 | 1.781.170 | $416.727 | $234 | 4 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,781,170 buttons / $416727.00 / $234 per 1000; AGREE: cactusconservation.org/CCI/pc copy of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,781,170 buttons / $416727.00; DISAGREE (transcription-level): CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,781,710 buttons / $416727.00 (Trout value kept in cell); Trout row flagged 'data from DPS in 2011' (year was a gap when first obtained in 2005); Trout also prints an earlier 2005 DPS response for 2003: 1,779,170 buttons / $416,727.00 / $234 per 1000; distributors: Trout 'Four licensed peyote dealers were still in operation in 2003-2005' |
| 2004 | 1.669.806 | $393.573 | $236 | 4 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,669,806 buttons / $393572.50 / $236 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,669,806 buttons / $393572.50; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,669,806 buttons / $393572.50; Trout row flagged 'data from DPS in 2011' (year was a gap when first obtained in 2005); distributors: Trout 'Four licensed peyote dealers were still in operation in 2003-2005' |
| 2005 | 1.565.534 | $407.790 | $260 | 4 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,565,534 buttons / $407789.50 / $260 per 1000; AGREE: sacredcacti.com mirror of the Trout page prints the same row; cactusconservation.org/CCI/pc copy of the Trout page prints the same row; DISAGREE (transcription-level): CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,563,534 buttons / $407789.50; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,563,534 buttons / $407789.50 (Trout value kept in cell); distributors: Trout 'Four licensed peyote dealers were still in operation in 2003-2005' |
| 2006 | 1.619.115 | $463.715 | $286 | 3 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,619,115 buttons / $463714.75 / $286 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,619,115 buttons / $463714.75; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,619,115 buttons / $463714.75; distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006' |
| 2007 | 1.605.345 | $474.322 | $296 | 3 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,605,345 buttons / $474321.80 / $296 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,605,345 buttons / $474321.80; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,605,345 buttons / $474321.80; distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006' |
| 2008 | 1.475.469 | $463.148 | $314 | 3 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,475,469 buttons / $463148.00 / $314 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,475,469 buttons / $463148.00; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,475,469 buttons / $463148.00; distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006' |
| 2009 | 1.604.623 | $493.834 | $308 | 3 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,604,623 buttons / $493834.00 / $308 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,604,623 buttons / $493834.00; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,604,623 buttons / $493834.00; Trout text repeats the sales total for this year in prose as the combined take of the three remaining distributors; distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006' |
| 2010 | 1.483.697 | $459.699 | $310 | 3 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,483,697 buttons / $459699.00 / $310 per 1000; AGREE: sacredcacti.com mirror of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,483,697 buttons / $459699.00; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,483,697 buttons / $459699.00; Trout text repeats the sales total for this year in prose as the combined take of the three remaining distributors; distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006' |
| 2011 | 1.413.846 | $466.591 | $330 | 3 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,413,846 buttons / $466590.50 / $330 per 1000; AGREE: CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,413,846 buttons / $466590.50; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,413,846 buttons / $466590.50; Trout: resale price '$0.33 per button in 2011'; Terry et al. 2012 (Trout co-author) JBRIT 6(2):567-577: 'In 2011, the DPS-regulated peyote sales totaled slightly over 1.4 million buttons' AGREES; Trout text repeats the sales total for this year in prose as the combined take of the three remaining distributors; distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006' |
| 2012 | 1.106.209 | $434.609 | $393 | 3 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,106,209 buttons / $434609.00 / $393 per 1000; AGREE: sacredcacti.com mirror of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,106,209 buttons / $434609.00; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,106,209 buttons / $434609.00; Trout text repeats the sales total for this year in prose as the combined take of the three remaining distributors; distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006' |
| 2013 | 1.363.978 | $530.230 | $389 | 3 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,363,978 buttons / $530230.00 / $389 per 1000; AGREE: sacredcacti.com mirror of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,363,978 buttons / $530230.00; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,363,978 buttons / $530230.00; Trout text repeats the sales total for this year in prose as the combined take of the three remaining distributors; distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006'; Kalam et al. 2013 (Trout co-author) also says 'currently there are three'; Trout adds 'I have heard that a fourth has submitted his paperwork to DPS' (2014) |
| 2014 | 1.128.787 | $426.300 | $378 | 3 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)Trout's Notes DPS table: 1,128,787 buttons / $426300.00 / $378 per 1000; AGREE: sacredcacti.com mirror of the Trout page prints the same row; cactusconservation.org/CCI/pc copy of the Trout page prints the same row; CCI raw DPS spreadsheet: 1,128,787 buttons / $426300.00; CCI legacy DPS table PDF: 1,128,787 buttons / $426300.00; Feeney 2017 (citing TDPS 2015) 'just over 1.1 million in 2014' AGREES on buttons but gives '$385/1,000 by 2014' which DISAGREES with derived $378 (https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Feeney_2017_Human-Organization_76_1_59-72_-Peyote-as-Commodity.pdf); distributors: Trout (posted 2014-11-02) 'There are presently three peyote distributors and this has been true since 2006' |
| 2015 | 1.163.120 | $434.275 | $373 | 3 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)NO TROUT FIGURE: Trout's Notes table (posted 2014-11-02) ends at 2014; no later Trout's Notes or sacredcacti page with DPS figures was found; Trout and Terry 2016 book chapter (Praeger) not readable online, its errata PDF lists no numeric corrections; Terry and Trout 2017 JBRIT 11(1):147-156 cites DPS unpublished data but prints no annual figures; cell from CCI raw DPS spreadsheet 'Total Peyote Buttons Sold: 1986-2016, Data Source: Texas Department of Public Safety': 1,163,120 buttons / $434274.50; AGREE: CCI legacy DPS table PDF 1,163,120 buttons / $434274.50; Muneta 2020, American Indian Law Journal 9(1) fn 106: 'from 1,163,120 buttons in 2015 to 867,674 in 2016' (https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1228&context=ailj); price_per_1000 = spreadsheet Avg Cost/Button 0.37337 x 1000 rounded (derived annual average, not a list price); distributors: Feeney 2017 (fieldwork 2012-2015, citing TDPS 2015) 'a current market low of three' (https://cactusconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Feeney_2017_Human-Organization_76_1_59-72_-Peyote-as-Commodity.pdf); consistent with Trout's 'three since 2006' |
| 2016 | 867.674 | $327.872 | $378 | Provenienza e verifiche incrociate (in inglese)NO TROUT FIGURE: Trout's Notes table (posted 2014-11-02) ends at 2014; no later Trout's Notes or sacredcacti page with DPS figures was found; Trout and Terry 2016 book chapter (Praeger) not readable online, its errata PDF lists no numeric corrections; Terry and Trout 2017 JBRIT 11(1):147-156 cites DPS unpublished data but prints no annual figures; cell from CCI raw DPS spreadsheet 'Total Peyote Buttons Sold: 1986-2016, Data Source: Texas Department of Public Safety': 867,674 buttons / $327872.00; AGREE: CCI legacy DPS table PDF 867,674 buttons / $327872.00; Muneta 2020, American Indian Law Journal 9(1) fn 106: 'from 1,163,120 buttons in 2015 to 867,674 in 2016' (https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1228&context=ailj); price_per_1000 = spreadsheet Avg Cost/Button 0.37787 x 1000 rounded (derived annual average, not a list price); distributors: no 2016-specific count read; Feeney 2017 says three (TDPS 2015); Vice and Texas Standard (Nov-Dec 2018) and Ermakova et al. 2020 bioRxiv say four; 2016 = last year of DPS sales reporting, VERIFIED: DPS email 2018-10-02 on MuckRock 'the amount of peyote sold and the total revenue ... are no longer required to be reported to the state, TAC 13.36' and 2018-10-05 'TAC 13.36 effective November 6, 2016' (https://www.muckrock.com/foi/texas-109/peyote-records-61890/); rule text read from the attached scan, Source Note 'adopted to be effective November 6, 2016, 41 TexReg 8620'; Gossamer 'Button Down': 'In 2016, for unknown reasons, the DPS stopped requiring peyote distributors to report their harvest and sales numbers' (https://gossamer.co/blogs/evergreen/button-down); CCI trade page: 'annual peyote sales data from 1986 to 2016 (when TDPS stopped collecting these data)' |
La colonna del prezzo è una media annuale, le vendite dichiarate divise per i bottoni venduti, come la tabula Keeper Trout nella sua raccolta del 2014 dei rapporti del DPS. Dove le tre trascrizioni superstiti delle tabelle del DPS divergono di una cifra, nel 1989, 1990, 1992, 2002, 2003 e 2005, la tabella mantiene il valore di Trout e la colonna delle note riporta gli altri. Il numero dei distributori esiste solo per gli anni in cui una fonte lo indica: nove nel 1988, quattro dal 2003 al 2005 e tre dal 2006 in poi. Nessuno ha pubblicato un numero per il periodo dal 1989 al 2002, e le celle restano vuote invece di essere stimate.
Perché nel 2016 il Texas ha smesso di dichiarare i dati sulla raccolta del peyote?
Un cambio di norma del DPS è entrato in vigore il 6 novembre 2016 e ha eliminato l’obbligo per i distributori autorizzati di dichiarare vendite e ricavi, quindi la serie pubblica finisce quell’anno. La norma è la sezione 13.36 del titolo 37 del Texas Administrative Code, adottata in 41 TexReg 8620. I distributori hanno ancora licenze statali e la registrazione federale presso la DEA, e lo stato registra ancora chi ha la licenza, ma i totali annuali di bottoni e dollari che rendevano misurabile il calo non vengono più raccolti. La riga del 2016 è quindi sia il numero di bottoni più basso della serie sia l’ultimo che si vedrà, a meno che la norma non cambi di nuovo. Per il quadro giuridico di questo commercio, e perché solo il Texas ne ha uno, vedi se è legale possedere il peyote.
Quanto ricresce il peyote selvatico dopo la raccolta?
Una sola raccolta eseguita correttamente lascia in vita circa nove piante su dieci dopo due anni, ma quelle che sopravvivono sono molto più piccole e, se raccolte di nuovo con un ciclo di due anni, si riducono a ogni taglio. Il Cactus Conservation Institute ha marcato piante nel Texas meridionale nel 2008 e le ha seguite per sei anni. Due anni dopo una raccolta era vivo il 90 per cento delle piante raccolte contro il 98 per cento dei controlli, e il loro volume epigeo era ancora dell’80 per cento inferiore a quello di prima. Le piante raccolte ogni due anni hanno perso il 44 per cento della massa della corona raccoglibile tra il primo e il secondo taglio e un altro 32 per cento tra il secondo e il terzo. Nell’intervallo dal 2012 al 2014 è sopravvissuto il 77 per cento delle piante raccolte ripetutamente, contro il 98 per cento dei controlli. Le corone ricresciute contengono anche meno dell’alcaloide che il commercio apprezza: 2,01 grammi di mescalina per 100 grammi di tessuto secco nelle piccole corone ricresciute contro 3,8 in quelle adulte non raccolte, un calo del 47 per cento.
| Serie | Trattamento | Misura | Valore | n | Anni osservati | Fonte |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sopravvivenza | controllo (non raccolte) | tasso di sopravvivenza, 2 anni dopo la prima raccolta | 98 per cento | 50 | 2008-2010 | Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2011. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) I. Regrowth and survivorship two years post harvest in a South Texas population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5(2): 661-675. abstract: 'the once-harvested group had a 90% survival rate and the unharvested control group had a 98% survival rate, a difference that was not statistically significant'; 50 control plants at start, 2 later excluded as hog-dug |
| sopravvivenza | raccolte una volta | tasso di sopravvivenza, 2 anni dopo la prima raccolta | 90 per cento | 50 | 2008-2010 | Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2011. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) I. Regrowth and survivorship two years post harvest in a South Texas population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5(2): 661-675. abstract; 50 plants harvested March 2008, 42 survivors at 2 years were split into reharvest (n=20) and no-reharvest (n=22) subgroups |
| sopravvivenza | controllo (non raccolte) | tasso di sopravvivenza, 4 anni (dal censimento 1 al censimento 3) | 94 per cento | 48 | 2008-2012 | Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2012. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) II. Effects of repeated harvesting at two-year intervals in a South Texas population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 6(2): 567-577. results: '94% [45/48] versus 73% [35/48]'; denominators are 48 per group after 2 hog-dug plants per group were excluded |
| sopravvivenza | raccolte (tutte le piante raccolte nel 2008; una volta e ogni 2 anni accorpate) | tasso di sopravvivenza, 4 anni (dal censimento 1 al censimento 3) | 73 per cento | 48 | 2008-2012 | Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2012. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) II. Effects of repeated harvesting at two-year intervals in a South Texas population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 6(2): 567-577. abstract: 'survival rate was significantly greater in the unharvested control plants (94%) than in the harvested plants (73%)'; the 2012 paper pools once-harvested and multiple-harvest plants for this rate; CCI regrowth page repeats 94 / 73 at 4 years |
| sopravvivenza | controllo (non raccolte) | tasso di sopravvivenza nell’intervallo 2012-2014 (anni 5 e 6 dello studio) | 98 per cento | 50 | 2012-2014 | Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2014. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) III. Effects of repeated harvesting at two-year intervals for six years in a South Texas (U.S.A.) population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 8(2): 541-550. abstract: 'the survival rate was significantly lower (77%) in the plants harvested every two years than in the once-harvested plants (100%) and the unharvested control plants (98%)'; n is the initial group allocation (50 control / 25 once / 25 every two years) stated in Methods |
| sopravvivenza | raccolte una volta | tasso di sopravvivenza nell’intervallo 2012-2014 (anni 5 e 6 dello studio) | 100 per cento | 25 | 2012-2014 | Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2014. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) III. Effects of repeated harvesting at two-year intervals for six years in a South Texas (U.S.A.) population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 8(2): 541-550. abstract; n = initial allocation of 25 once-harvested plants |
| sopravvivenza | raccolte ogni 2 anni | tasso di sopravvivenza nell’intervallo 2012-2014 (anni 5 e 6 dello studio) | 77 per cento | 25 | 2012-2014 | Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2014. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) III. Effects of repeated harvesting at two-year intervals for six years in a South Texas (U.S.A.) population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 8(2): 541-550. abstract; n = initial allocation of 25 plants harvested 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014; CCI regrowth page summarises the same figures as 98 / 100 / 77 at 6 years; CCI harvesting-technique page: '6 years is not enough for the plants to re-generate', recommends 8 years |
| massa della corona | raccolte ogni 2 anni | variazione della massa fresca media raccolta per pianta, dalla prima raccolta (2008) alla seconda (2010) | -44 per cento | 20 | 2008-2010 | Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2012. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) II. Effects of repeated harvesting at two-year intervals in a South Texas population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 6(2): 567-577. abstract: 'Average harvested mass of fresh tissue per plant decreased significantly (by 44%) between the first and second harvests'; n=20 is the subgroup reharvested in 2010 per Terry et al. 2011; CCI regrowth page repeats 44% |
| massa della corona | raccolte ogni 2 anni | variazione della massa fresca media raccolta per pianta, dalla seconda raccolta (2010) alla terza (2012) | -32 per cento | 2010-2012 | Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2012. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) II. Effects of repeated harvesting at two-year intervals in a South Texas population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 6(2): 567-577. abstract: 'then further decreased significantly (by 32%) between the second and third harvests'; n for the 2012 harvest not stated in the sentence read; CCI regrowth page repeats 32% | |
| massa della corona | raccolte una volta | variazione del volume epigeo della pianta, 2 anni dopo una sola raccolta, rispetto a prima della raccolta | -80 per cento | 50 | 2008-2010 | Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2011. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) I. Regrowth and survivorship two years post harvest in a South Texas population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5(2): 661-675. abstract: 'The net effect of a single harvesting was a reduction of plant above-ground volume by almost 80% after two years of regrowth'; value is 'almost 80%' |
| massa della corona | raccolte una volta rispetto al controllo | differenza del volume medio della corona per pianta al sesto anno | -27 per cento | 25 | 2008-2014 | Terry, M., K. Trout, B. Williams, T. Herrera and N. Fowler. 2014. Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) III. Effects of repeated harvesting at two-year intervals for six years in a South Texas (U.S.A.) population. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 8(2): 541-550. abstract: 'The average volume of once-harvested plants was 27% lower than that of the controls, although this latter difference was not statistically significant'; results give control mean 48 cm3 vs once-harvested 35 cm3 in 2014 |
| alcaloide | corone adulte non raccolte | concentrazione di mescalina, tessuto di corona accorpato, sul peso secco | 3,80 g per 100 g di tessuto secco | 10 | Kalam, M.A., M.T. Klein, D. Hulsey, K. Trout, P. Daley and M. Terry. 2013. A preliminary report of mescaline concentrations in small regrowth crowns vs. mature crowns of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae): cultural, economic, and conservation implications. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 7(1): 435-440. results: 'Mescaline concentrations were 3.80 g/100g tissue in the Mature group and 2.01 g/100 g tissue in the Small Regrowth group, based on tissue samples >= 2 g fresh weight from 10 individuals in the Mature group and 14 individuals in the Small Regrowth group'; group values are pooled physical averages, not statistical means; sampling year not stated in the text read | |
| alcaloide | piccole corone ricresciute | concentrazione di mescalina, tessuto di corona accorpato, sul peso secco | 2,01 g per 100 g di tessuto secco | 14 | Kalam, M.A., M.T. Klein, D. Hulsey, K. Trout, P. Daley and M. Terry. 2013. A preliminary report of mescaline concentrations in small regrowth crowns vs. mature crowns of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae): cultural, economic, and conservation implications. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 7(1): 435-440. same sentence as mature row; regrowth crowns were whole small crowns of 2-4 g each from the same South Texas population | |
| alcaloide | piccole corone ricresciute rispetto alle corone adulte non raccolte | differenza relativa nella concentrazione di mescalina | -47 per cento | 10 adulte + 14 ricresciute | Kalam, M.A., M.T. Klein, D. Hulsey, K. Trout, P. Daley and M. Terry. 2013. A preliminary report of mescaline concentrations in small regrowth crowns vs. mature crowns of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae): cultural, economic, and conservation implications. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 7(1): 435-440. results: 'The difference between these levels amounted to a 47% reduction in mescaline concentration in the Small Regrowth group compared to the Mature group'; abstract phrases it as 'about half as much'; CCI lophophora page repeats 'about half as much' | |
| sopravvivenza | raccolte (gruppo della raccolta 2008, escluse le morti causate dai cinghiali) | mortalità non dovuta ai cinghiali, 2 anni dopo la raccolta | 10,40 per cento | 48 | 2008-2010 | Trout, K. and B. Norton. 2011. Peyote Regrowth Following Proper Harvesting Practices. Erowid Extracts 20: 8-11. Trout and Norton 2011: 'Harvested plants showed five non-hog-related deaths (10.4%) compared to one non-hog-related death in the control group (2.1%)'; complements the 90% survival in Terry et al. 2011 |
| sopravvivenza | controllo (non raccolte, escluse le morti causate dai cinghiali) | mortalità non dovuta ai cinghiali, 2 anni dopo la raccolta | 2,10 per cento | 48 | 2008-2010 | Trout, K. and B. Norton. 2011. Peyote Regrowth Following Proper Harvesting Practices. Erowid Extracts 20: 8-11. Trout and Norton 2011, same sentence; complements the 98% survival in Terry et al. 2011 |
Leggi il grafico della sopravvivenza intervallo per intervallo, non come un’unica curva cumulativa. L’articolo del 2011 riporta i primi due anni, quello del 2012 accorpa le piante raccolte una volta e quelle raccolte più volte nell’arco di quattro anni, e quello del 2014 riporta solo l’intervallo dal 2012 al 2014, dopo la divisione del gruppo raccolto. Le dimensioni dei campioni sono nella tabella. Per il commercio conta la conseguenza: bottoni più piccoli e più deboli significano che se ne consumano di più per ogni cerimonia, così la pressione della raccolta si autoalimenta. È questo il meccanismo dietro il calo del numero di bottoni qui sopra, ed è l’argomento a favore delle piante da vivaio da seme rispetto alla raccolta selvatica che attraversa ogni pagina su Lophophora di questo sito, compresa la sintesi sulla ricerca sulla conservazione del peyote.
Quanti distributori di peyote autorizzati restano in Texas?
Tre in ogni anno dal 2006 al 2015, contro nove nel 1988 e circa ventisette a metà degli anni Settanta. I rapporti dal 2018 al 2020 ne indicano quattro, quindi il numero varia di uno man mano che le licenze scadono e si rinnovano. Lavorano tutti nelle stesse poche contee lungo il Rio Grande, Starr, Jim Hogg, Webb e Zapata, che è anche il punto in cui l’areale selvatico di Lophophora williamsii entra negli Stati Uniti. La mappa approssimativa dell’areale su dove cresce il peyote in natura mostra quelle contee accanto agli stati messicani che ospitano il resto della specie, e le schede dei numeri di campo del peyote elencano ogni raccolta selvatica documentata nel nostro database.
Scarica e cita i dati
La serie commerciale, i dati sulla ricrescita e le fasce di areale e di quota si possono scaricare gratis in CSV con licenza CC BY 4.0, e il pacchetto completo è disponibile in JSON. Il dataset porta il markup schema.org Dataset per essere trovato nei motori di ricerca di dati, e il dataset è archiviato su Zenodo con il DOI 10.5281/zenodo.22257848. Se usi i dati, cita le fonti primarie elencate in fondo a questa pagina e questa raccolta. Per le specie in sé, il confronto tra le specie di Lophophora mette uno accanto all’altro i quattro taxa accettati, e la pagina del genere Lophophora raccoglie il resto del materiale di riferimento.
- Serie commerciale del peyote del DPS del Texas, 1986 a 2016 (CSV)
- Dati dello studio sulla ricrescita del CCI (CSV)
- Indicatori approssimativi dell’areale e fasce altimetriche (CSV)
- Pacchetto dati completo (JSON)
Licenza CC BY 4.0. Cita come: rarecactus.com, Lophophora Data Bundle: commercio del peyote, effetti della raccolta, areale e riferimento delle specie. I dati sono trascritti dalle fonti primarie citate; la compilazione, le fasce altimetriche e gli indicatori approssimativi dell’areale sono nostri.
Domande frequenti
Quanti bottoni di peyote dichiara di vendere il Texas ogni anno?
Tra circa 0,9 e 2,3 milioni di bottoni all’anno nel periodo di dichiarazione dal 1986 al 2016, con un picco di 2.317.380 nel 1997 e un ultimo dato dichiarato di 867.674 nel 2016, secondo quanto dichiarato dai distributori autorizzati al Texas Department of Public Safety.
Perché nel 2016 il Texas ha smesso di pubblicare i dati dei distributori di peyote?
Un cambio di norma del DPS del Texas, la sezione 13.36 del titolo 37 del Texas Administrative Code, è entrato in vigore il 6 novembre 2016 e ha eliminato l’obbligo per i distributori autorizzati di dichiarare vendite e ricavi, quindi il 2016 è l’ultimo anno con totali pubblicati.
Il peyote ricresce dopo la raccolta della corona?
Sì, se il taglio viene fatto correttamente sopra il fusto sotterraneo, ma lentamente: due anni dopo una sola raccolta era vivo il 90 per cento delle piante e il loro volume epigeo era ancora dell’80 per cento inferiore al livello precedente la raccolta, secondo lo studio del Cactus Conservation Institute.
Quanta mescalina contiene una corona di peyote ricresciuta rispetto a una non raccolta?
Circa il 47 per cento in meno: 2,01 grammi di mescalina per 100 grammi di tessuto secco nelle piccole corone ricresciute contro 3,8 grammi nelle corone adulte non raccolte, ed è per questo che la raccolta ripetuta indebolisce l’offerta oltre a ridurla.
Quanti distributori di peyote autorizzati restano in Texas?
Tre in ogni anno dal 2006 al 2015, con rapporti dal 2018 al 2020 che ne indicano quattro, contro nove nel 1988 e circa ventisette a metà degli anni Settanta.
Trout, K., Edwards, C. & Terry, M. (2014), Peyote crisis revisited, Trout’s Notes (tabella del DPS dal 1986 al 2014) · totali dei distributori del Texas Department of Public Safety dal 1986 al 2016, ripubblicati dal Cactus Conservation Institute · 37 Texas Administrative Code, sezione 13.36, adottata in 41 TexReg 8620, in vigore dal 6 novembre 2016 · Terry, M., Trout, K., Williams, B., Herrera, T. & Fowler, N. (2011, 2012, 2014), Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii I to III, J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas · Kalam, M.A., Klein, M.T., Hulsey, D., Trout, K., Daley, P. & Terry, M. (2013), J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 7(1): 435-440 · Trout, K. & Norton, B. (2011), Peyote regrowth following proper harvesting practices · Terry, M. & Trout, K. (2017), J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 11(1): 147-156 · Feeney, K. (2017), Peyote as commodity, Human Organization 76(1): 59-72 · Muneta, J.D. (2020), Peyote crisis confronting modern Indigenous peoples, American Indian Law Journal 9(1) · Texas Monthly, Button pushers (1988)
