Peruvian torch (Echinopsis peruviana, formerly Trichocereus peruvianus): curator reference covering the Matucana type locality, contested Echinopsis versus Trichocereus versus macrogona circumscription, blue-glaucous identification against San Pedro, and cultivation in the drier western Andean inter-valley regime.
Echinopsis scopulicola (Ritter, 1966; formerly Trichocereus scopulicola): curator reference covering Bolivian Tarija distribution, the contested POWO synonymy with E. lageniformis, near-spineless adult morphology, dark-green grainy epidermis, cultivation in mineral substrate, and mescaline chemistry (0.85% dry weight, Ogunbodede et al. 2010).
San Pedro cactus (Echinopsis pachanoi, formerly Trichocereus pachanoi): curator reference covering Andean distribution, taxonomy under contested Echinopsis versus Trichocereus circumscription, cultivation, and the Chavin-to-present ceremonial and mescaline chemistry record.
Cuzco torch (Echinopsis cuzcoensis, formerly Trichocereus cuzcoensis): curator reference covering the knobbed-spine-base diagnostic character, Urubamba drainage distribution at 3,100-3,600 m, contested Echinopsis versus Trichocereus taxonomy, cold hardiness, and comparison with Echinopsis peruviana and Echinopsis pachanoi.
Quisco (Echinopsis chiloensis, formerly Trichocereus chiloensis): curator reference covering the Chilean Mediterranean-climate columnar cactus, candelabra-branching habit, POWO Leucostele transfer, cold-hardiness record, and cultivation for Mediterranean-climate collectors.
Curator reference for Astrophytum myriostigma var. quadricostatum: the four-ribbed POWO-accepted subspecies from the Jaumave Valley, Tamaulipas. Covers rib-count instability, seed segregation, the Onzuka quadricostatum double-selection, and how to source confirmed four-rib clones.
Bishop’s cap cactus: curator reference for Astrophytum myriostigma, spineless five-ribbed highland species across six Mexican states, forgiving in cultivation, with taxonomy, habitat, and identification.
Curator reference for Astrophytum coahuilense: the Coahuilan star cactus, a 5-ribbed limestone endemic of SW Coahuila and Durango with yellow red-throated flowers and dense grey-white flecking. IUCN Vulnerable, CITES Appendix II, reproductively isolated from A. myriostigma.
Curator reference for Astrophytum caput-medusae: the Medusa’s-head cactus from northeastern Nuevo León, Mexico. Snake-like tubercles unlike any other Astrophytum, Critically Endangered from a single known location, and the centre of the Digitostigma nomenclatural debate. Taxonomy, habitat, morphology, cultivation, and collector identification.
Curator reference for Astrophytum asterias f. variegata: the chimeric variegated form of the Tamaulipan star cactus, with Nishiki cultivar context, sector biology, light and grafting requirements, and collector identification.